Oudin, Ludovic (2004) Recherche d'un modèle d'évapotranspiration potentielle pertinent comme entrée d'un modèle pluie-débit global. PhD thesis Sciences de l'eau, ENGREF.

Full text available as: - memoire.pdf ( 18553 Kb )

Licence: Copyright

Abstract

L'objectif de notre recherche est d'améliorer les performances des modèles pluie-débit par une meilleure prise en compte de l'ETP au sein de ces modèles. Pour cela, l'échantillon de bassins versants étudiés devait représenter diverses conditions climatiques et hydrologiques. L'assemblage des différentes données collectées (pluie, débit et paramètres climatiques) a permis l'élaboration d'un échantillon de 308 bassins versants dont 221 français, 79 nord-américains et 8 australiens. L'avantage de travailler sur un échantillon assez vaste est de tirer des conclusions relativement libres de toute dépendance vis à vis des caractéristiques particulières de tel ou tel bassin. De plus, quatre modèles pluie-débit ont été utilisés: le modèle GR4J et des versions globales des modèles HBV, IHACRES et TOPMODEL.
Tout d'abord, une étude de sensibilité de ces modèles pluie-débit à l'entrée d'ETP a été entreprise. Deux aspects ont été traités en particulier. La première motivation était de tester l'impact d'une connaissance fine du climat par rapport à une connaissance des normales (moyennes interannuelles). Les résultats ont confirmé le manque d'utilisation judicieuse de l'information datée contenue dans les formules d'ETP par les modèles pluie-débit. Le deuxième aspect était de tester plusieurs formules pour représenter les variations de l'ETP au sein des modèles pluie-débit. Les résultats ont montré là aussi une faible sensibilité des modèles quant au choix fait pour la formule d'ETP. Nous avons porté en particulier notre attention sur la formule de Penman, couramment utilisée en modélisation, car elle est la plus satisfaisante d'un point de vue physique, à l'échelle de la parcelle. En modélisation pluie-débit, elle est dépassée par d'autres formules plus simples (utilisant moins de données climatiques). Ainsi, nous pouvons parler de la pertinence d'autres formules que Penman pour la modélisation: des formules simples faisant intervenir uniquement la température de l'air sont aussi performantes que la formule de Penman.
D'un point de vue opérationnel, ces résultats sont extrêmement rassurants puisqu'ils suggèrent qu'une entrée d'ETP simple à obtenir peut être utilisée à la place de formules d'ETP plus demandeuses en données. Cependant, d'un point de vue scientifique, le constat d'apparente insensibilité des modèles pluie-débit à l'entrée d'ETP est préoccupant. En effet, le modèle semble se contenter d'une représentation extrêmement simplifiée de la demande évaporatoire. Pourtant, il est légitime de penser que le modèle serait plus performant s'il prenait mieux en compte cette information supplémentaire.
Les hypothèses avancées pour expliquer la faible sensibilité des modèles à l'entrée d'ETP sont multiples :
- S'agit-il d'un phénomène naturel que le modèle retranscrit assez fidèlement ?
- Faut-il remettre en cause la structure du modèle, notamment la partie traitant l'évaporation ?
- Les formules d'ETP traditionnelles sont-elles inadaptées à la modélisation pluie-débit ?
Alors que la première interrogation nous semblait difficile à investiguer, les deux autres étaient plus à la portée d'un utilisateur de modèles pluie-débit conceptuels. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé une approche par données synthétiques d'ETP qui permet notamment de lever toute incertitude sur la pertinence des données d'ETP. Les résultats ont montré que les différences entre ETP datées et interannuelles étaient presque totalement absorbées par les réservoirs de production des modèles pluie-débit. Le modèle se comporte donc comme un filtre passe-bas pour les données atmosphériques, atténuant ainsi la variabilité temporelle des entrées climatiques.

References

[1] Abtew, W., 1996. Evapotranspiration measurements and modeling for three wetland systems in south Florida. Water Resources Bulletin, 32(3): 465-473.
[2] Allen, R.G., Jensen, M.E., Wright, J.L. et Burman, R.D., 1989. Operational estimates of reference evapotranspiration. Agronomy journal, 81: 650-662.
[3] Allen, R.G., Smith, M., Perrier, A. et Pereira, L.S., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56. FAO, Rome, Italy, 300 pp.
[4] Amatya, D.M., Skaggs, R.W. et Gregory, J.D., 1995. Comparison of methods for estimating REF-ET. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 121(6): 427-435.
[5] Andersson, L., 1992. Improvement of runoff models. What way to go? Nordic hydrology, 23: 315-332.
[6] Andersson, L. et Harding, R.J., 1991. Soil-moisture deficit simulations with models of varying complexity for forest and grassland sites in Sweden and the UK. Water Resources Management, 5(1): 25-46.
[7] Andréassian, V., 2002. Impact de l'évolution du couvert forestier sur le comportement hydrologique des bassins versants. Thèse de Doctorat, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI, Cemagref, Paris, 781 pp.
[8] Andréassian, V., Perrin, C. et Michel, C., 2004. Impact of imperfect potential evapotranspiration knowledge on the efficiency and parameters of watershed models. Journal of Hydrology, 286(1-4): 19-35.
[9] Andréassian, V., Perrin, C., Michel, C., Usart-Sanchez, I. et Lavabre, J., 2001. Impact of imperfect rainfall knowledge on the efficiency and the parameters of watershed models. Journal of Hydrology, 250(1-4): 206-223.
[10] Arnell, N.W., 1999. A simple water balance model for the simulation of streamflow over a large geographic domain. Journal of Hydrology, 217(3-4): 314-335.
[11] Bakker, J.C., 1986. Measurement of canopy transpiration or evapotranspiration in greenhouses by means of a simple vapour balance model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 37: 133-141.
[12] Barr, A.G., Kite, G.W., Granger, R. et Smith, C., 1997. Evaluating three evapotranspiration methods in the SLURP macroscale hydrological model. Hydrological Processes, 11(13): 1685-1705.
[13] Bergström, S., 1995. The HBV model. In: V.P. Singh (Editor), Computer models of watershed hydrology. Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, CO., pp. 443-476.
[14] Bergström, S. et Forman, A., 1973. Development of a conceptual deterministic rainfall-runoff model. Nordic Hydrology, 4: 147-170.
[15] Beven, K.J., 2001. Rainfall-Runoff Modelling - The Primer. John Wiley & Sons, 360 pp.
[16] Beven, K.J. et Kirkby, M.J., 1979. A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrological Sciences Bulletin, 24(1): 43-69.
[17] Beven, K.J., Lamb, R., Quinn, P., Romanovicz, R. et Freer, J., 1995. TOPMODEL. In: V.P. Singh (Editor), Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology. Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, CO., pp. 627-668.
[18] Blaney, H.F. et Criddle, W.D., 1950. Determining water requirements in irrigated areas from climatological and irrigation data. US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington D.C., 48 pp.
[19] Bosch, J.M. et Hewlett, J.D., 1982. A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology, 55: 3-23.
[20] Bouchet, R.J., 1963. Evapotranspiration réelle et potentielle - Signification climatique. IAHS Publ. n° 62: 134-142.
[21] Bras, R.L., 1979. Sampling of interrelated random fields: the rainfall-runoff case. Water Resources Research, 15(6): 1767-1780.
[22] Bras, R.L. et Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., 1976. Network design for the estimation of areal mean of rainfall events. Water Resources Research, 12(6): 1185-1195.
[23] Brutsaert, W., 1982. Evaporation into the atmosphere. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 299 pp.
[24] Brutsaert, W., 1986. Catchment-scale evaporation and the atmospheric boundary layer. Water Resources Research, 22(9): 39S-45S.
[25] Brutsaert, W. et Stricker, H., 1979. An advection-aridity approach to estimate actual regional evapotranspiration. Water Resources Research, 15(2): 443-450.
[26] Budyko, M.I., 1958. The heat balance of the Earth's surface. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washinghton D.C., 259 pp.
[27] Burnash, R.J.C., 1995. The NWS river forecast system - catchment modeling. In: V.P. Singh (Editor), Computer models of watershed hydrology. Water Resources Publications, Highlands ranch, CO., pp. 311-366.
[28] Calder, I.R., 1983. An objective assessment of soil-moisture deficit models. Journal of Hydrology, 60: 329-355.
[29] Camargo, M.B.P. et Hubbard, K.G., 1999. Spatial and temporal variability of daily weather variables in sub-humid and semi-arid areas of the united states high plains. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 93(2): 141-148.
[30] CCE, 1993. Corine Land Cover. Guide Technique. Office des publications officielles de communautés européennes, 144 pp.
[31] Chiew, F.H.S. et McMahon, T.A., 1991. The applicability of Morton's and Penman's evapotranspiration estimates in rainfall-runoff modeling. Water Resources Bulletin, 27(4): 611-620.
[32] Choudhury, B.J., 1997. Global Pattern of Potential Evaporation Calculated from the Penman-Monteith Equation Using Satellite and Assimilated Data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 61(1): 64-81.
[33] Choudhury, B.J., DiGirolamo, N.E., Susskind, J., Darnell, W.L., Gupta, S.K. et Asrar, G., 1998. A biophysical process-based estimate of global land surface evaporation using satellite and ancillary data II. Regional and global patterns of seasonal and annual variations. Journal of Hydrology, 205(3-4): 186-204.
[34] Cognard-Plancq, A.-L., Marc, V., Didon-Lescot, J.-F. et Normand, M., 2001. The role of forest cover on streamflow down sub-Mediterranean mountain watersheds: a modelling approach. Journal of Hydrology, 254(1-4): 229-243.
[35] Cosandey, C. et Robinson, M., 2000. Hydrologie continentale. Armand Colin, Paris, 360 pp.
[36] Dai, Y., Zeng, X. et Dickinson, R.E., 2001. Common Land Model (CLM): Technical documentation and user's guide, 69 pp.
[37] Dalton, J., 1802. Experimental Essays on the Constitution of Mixed Gases; on the Force of Steam or Vapour from water and other liquids in different temperatures, both in a Torricellian vacuum and in air; on Evaporation; and on the Expansion of Gasses by Heat. Mem. Manchester Lit. and phil. Soc., 5: 536-602.
[38] Delworth, T. et Manabe, S., 1988. The influence of potential evaporation on the variabilities of simulated soil wetness and climate. Journal of Climate, 1: 523-547.
[39] Dooge, J.C.I., 1977. Problems and methods of rainfall-runoff modeling. In: T.A. Ciriani, U. Maione et J.R. Wallis (Editors), Mathematical Models For Surface Water Hydrology. John Willey And Sons, New York, pp. 71-108.
[40] Dooge, J.C.I., 1988. Hydrology past and present. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 26(1): 5-26.
[41] Dooge, J.C.I., 1992. Hydrologic-Models and Climate Change. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 97(D3): 2677-2686.
[42] Doorenbos, J. et Pruitt, W.O., 1977. Crop water requirements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24. FAO, Rome, Italy.
[43] Doyle, P., 1990. Modelling catchment evaporation: an objective comparison of the Penman and Morton approaches. Journal of Hydrology, 121(1-4): 257-276.
[44] Droogers, P. et Allen, R.G., 2002. Estimating reference evapotranspiration under inaccurate data conditions. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 16(1): 33-45.
[45] Duan, Q.-Y., Gupta, H., Sorooshian, S., Rousseau, A. et Turcotte, R., 2002. Calibration of Watershed Models. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 346 pp.
[46] Duan, Q.-Y., Schaake, J.C. et Koren, V.I., 2001. A priori estimation of land surface model parameters. In: V. Lakshmi, J. Albertson et J.C. Schaake (Editors), Land Surface Hydrology, Meteorology and Climate. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 77-94.
[47] Dunn, S.M. et Mackay, R., 1995. Spatial variation in evapotranspiration and the influence of land use on catchment hydrology. Journal of Hydrology, 171(1-2): 49-73.
[48] Durand, Y., Brun, E., Merindol, L., Guymarc'h, G., Lesassre, B. et Martin, E., 1993. A meteorological estimation of relevant parameters for snow models. Annals of Glaciology, 18: 65-71.
[49] Eagleson, P.S., 1978. Climate, soil and vegetation. 3. A simplified model of soil moisture movement in the liquid phase. Water Resources Research, 14: 722-730.
[50] Edijatno, 1987. Amélioration des modèles simples de transformation pluie-débit au pas de temps journalier sur des petits bassins versants. Mémoire de DEA "Sciences et Techniques de l'Eau", Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) / Cemagref (Antony).
[51] Edijatno, 1991. Mise au point d'un modèle élémentaire pluie-débit au pas de temps journalier. Thèse de Doctorat, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France, 242 pp.
[52] Edijatno, Nascimento, N., Yang, X., Makhlouf, Z. et Michel, C., 1999. GR3J: a daily watershed model with three free parameters. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 44(2): 263-278.
[53] Entekhabi, D., Asrar, G.R., Betts, A.K., Beven, K.J., Bras, R.L., Duffy, C.J., Dunne, T., Koster, R.D., Lettenmaier, D.P., McLaughlin, D.B., Shuttleworth, W.J., van Genuchten, M.T., Wei, M.Y. et Wood, E.F., 1999. An agenda for land surface hydrology research and a call for the second international hydrological decade. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80(10): 2043-2058.
[54] Entin, J.K., Robock, A., Vinnikov, K.Y., Hollinger, S.E., Liu, S. et Namkhai, A., 2000. Temporal and spatial scales of observed soil moisture variations in the extratropics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(D9): 11,865-11,877.
[55] Evans, J.P., 2003. Improving the characteristics of streamflow modeled by regional climate models. Journal of Hydrology, 284(1-4): 211-227.
[56] Farnsworth, R.K., Thompson, E.S. et Peck, E.L., 1982. Evaporation atlas for the contiguous 48 United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, NOAA technical report NWS n°33, Washington, D.C.
[57] Federer, C.A., Vorosmarty, C. et Fekete, B., 1996. Intercomparison of methods for calculating potential evaporation in regional and global water balance models. Water Resources Research, 32(7): 2315-2321.
[58] Fowler, A., 2002. Assessment of the validity of using mean potential evaporation in computations of the long-term soil water balance. Journal of Hydrology, 256(3-4): 248-263.
[59] Franks, S.W. et Beven, K.J., 1997. Estimation of evapotranspiration at the landscape scale: A fuzzy disaggregation approach. Water Resources Research, 33(12): 2929-2938.
[60] Franks, S.W., Beven, K.J., Quinn, P.F. et Wright, I.R., 1997. On the sensitivity of soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) schemes: equifinality and the problem of robust calibration. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 86(1-2): 63-75.
[61] Gardelin, M. et Lindström, G., 1997. Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration in HBV simulations. Nordic Hydrology, 28(4/5): 233-246.
[62] Granger, R.J., 1989. An examination of the concept of potential evaporation. Journal of Hydrology, 111: 9-19.
[63] Granger, R.J., 2000. Satellite-derived estimates of evapotranspiration in the Gediz basin. Journal of Hydrology, 229(1-2): 70-76.
[64] Granger, R.J. et Gray, D.M., 1989. Evaporation from natural nonsaturated surfaces. Journal of Hydrology, 111: 21-29.
[65] Gupta, V.K. et Sorooshian, S., 1983. Uniqueness and observability of conceptual rainfall-runoff model parameters: the percolation process examined. Water Resources Research, 19(1): 269-276.
[66] Gupta, V.K. et Sorooshian, S., 1985. The relationship between data and the precision of parameter estimates of hydrologic models. Journal of Hydrology, 81: 57-77.
[67] Habets, F., Noilhan, J., Golaz, C., Goutorbe, J.P., Lacarrere, P., Leblois, E., Ledoux, E., Martin, E., Ottle, C. et Vidal-Madjar, D., 1999a. The ISBA surface scheme in a macroscale hydrological model applied to the Hapex-Mobilhy area. Part I: Model and database. Journal of Hydrology, 217(1-2): 75-96.
[68] Habets, F., Noilhan, J., Golaz, C., Goutorbe, J.P., Lacarrere, P., Leblois, E., Ledoux, E., Martin, E., Ottle, C. et Vidal-Madjar, D., 1999b. The ISBA surface scheme in a macroscale hydrological model applied to the Hapex-Mobilhy area. Part II: Simulation of streamflows and annual water budget. Journal of Hydrology, 217(1-2): 97-118.
[69] Hamon, W.R., 1961. Estimating potential evaporation. In: J.o.H. Division (Editor), Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 107-120.
[70] Hargreaves, G.H. et Samani, Z.A., 1982. Estimating potential evapotranspiration. Technical Note Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 108(3): 225-230.
[71] Harris, F.J., 1978. On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with the discrete Fourier transform, Proceedings of the IEEE, pp. 51-83.
[72] Hashmi, M.A. et Garcia, L.A., 1998. Spatial and temporal errors in estimating regional evapotranspiration. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 124(2): 108-114.
[73] Henderson-Sellers, A., McGuffie, K. et Pitman, A.J., 1996. The Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parametrization Schemes (PILPS); 1992 to 1995. Climate Dynamics, 12(12): 849-859.
[74] Hervieu, F., 2001. Quelle ETP pour un modèle pluie-débit ? Rapport de DEA HHGG, Université Paris Sud XI (Orsay) / Cemagref (Antony), 83 pp.
[75] Hobbins, M.T., Ramirez, J.A. et Brown, T.C., 2001a. The complementary relationship in estimation of regional evapotranspiration: An enhanced advection-aridity model. Water Resources Research, 37(5): 1389-1403.
[76] Hobbins, M.T., Ramirez, J.A., Brown, T.C. et Claessens, L.H.J.M., 2001b. The complementary relationship in estimation of regional evapotranspiration: The Complementary Relationship Areal Evapotranspiration and Advection-Aridity models. Water Resources Research, 37(5): 1367-1387.
[77] Horton, R.E., 1919. Rainfall interception. Monthly Weather Review, 47: 603-623.
[78] Huang, X., Lyons, T.J., Smith, R.C.G. et Hacker, J.M., 1995. Estimation of land surface parameters using satellite data. Hydrological Processes, 9(5-6): 631-643.
[79] Hubbard, K.G., 1994. Spatial variability of daily weather variables in the high plains of the USA. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 68(1-2): 29-41.
[80] Humbert, J. et Najjar, G., 1992. Influence de la forêt sur le cycle de l'eau en domaine tempéré, une analyse de la littérature francophone. Université Louis Pasteur, CEREG-URA 95 du CNRS, Strasbourg.
[81] Ibbitt, R.P., 1972. Effects of random data errors on the parameter values for a conceptual model. Water Resources Research, 8(1): 70-78.
[82] Idso, S.B., 1981. Relative rates of evaporative water losses from open and vegetation covered water bodies. Water Resources Bulletin, 17(1): 46-48.
[83] IWMI, 2000. World water and climate atlas: Includes the IWMI atlas synthesizer: Version 2.2 (http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/), International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
[84] Jakeman, A.J., Littlewood, I.G. et Whitehead, P.G., 1990. Computation of the instantaneous unit hydrograph and identifiable component flows with application to two small upland catchments. Journal of Hydrology, 117: 275-300.
[85] Jarvis, P.G., 1976. The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in field. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 273: 593-610.
[86] Jensen, M.E., Burman, R.D. et Allen, R.G., 1990. Evapotranspiration and water requirements. ASCE Manual 70, New York, USA, 332 pp.
[87] Jensen, M.E. et Haise, H.R., 1963. Estimating evapotranspiration from solar radiation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE, 89(LR4): 15-41.
[88] Joukainen, S., 2000. Improving the calculation of potential evapotranspiration of the HBV model: application to the Ounasjoki watershed. In: T. Nilsson (Editor), Nordic hydrological conference 2000. Nordic Hydrological Programme report. Swedish Hydrological Council, Uppsala, pp. 347-354.
[89] Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K.C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R. et Joseph, D., 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3): 437-471.
[90] Kite, G. et Droogers, P., 2000a. Comparing evapotranspiration estimates from satellites, hydrological models and field data - Preface. Journal of Hydrology, 229(1-2): 1-2.
[91] Kite, G.W. et Droogers, P., 2000b. Comparing evapotranspiration estimates from satellites, hydrological models and field data. Journal of Hydrology, 229(1-2): 3-18.
[92] Klemeš, V., 1982. Empirical and Causal Models in Hydrology. In: N.R.C.G.S. Commitee (Editor), Scientific Basis of Water-Resource Management. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., pp. 95-104.
[93] Klemeš, V., 1986a. Diletantism in hydrology: transition or destiny ? Water Resources Research, 22(9): 177S-188S.
[94] Klemeš, V., 1986b. Operational testing of hydrologic simulation models. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 31(1): 13-24.
[95] Köppen, W., 1931. Grundriss des Klimakunde, 388 pp.
[96] Koren, V.I., Finnerty, B.D., Schaake, J.C., Smith, M.B., Seo, D.-J. et Duan, Q.-Y., 1999. Scale dependencies of hydrologic models to spatial variability of precipitation. Journal of Hydrology, 217: 285-302.
[97] Kribèche, R., 1994. Etude de la sensibilité d'un modèle pluie-débit à l'exactitude de l'évaporation (modèle GR4J). Mémoire de DEA, Université Paris XII, Créteil, 42 pp.
[98] Kuczera, G., 1983. Improved parameter inference in catchment models: 1. Evaluating parameter uncertainty. Water Resources Research, 19(5): 1151-1162.
[99] Lakshmi, V. et Susskind, J., 2001. Utilization of satellite data in land surface hydrology: sensitivity and assimilation. Hydrological Processes, 15(5): 877-892.
[100] Lauzon, N., Anctil, F. et Petrinovic, J., 2004. Characterization of soil moisture conditions at temporal scales from a few days to annual. Hydrological Processes, in press.
[101] Lavabre, J. et Andréassian, V., 2000. Eaux et forêts: la forêt, un outil de gestion des eaux? Cemagref Editions, Antony, 116 pp.
[102] Le Moigne, P., 2002. Description de l'analyse des champs de surface sur la France par le système SAFRAN. Note de centre N°77, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques Météo-France, Toulouse, 30 pp.
[103] Ledoux, E., Girard, G., de Marsilly, G. et Deschenes, J., 1989. Spatially distributed modeling: conceptual approach, coupling surface water and groundwater. In: Morel-Seytoux (Editor), Unsatured flow Hydrologic modeling-theory and practice. Kluwer Academic NATO ASI Series C.
[104] Lemeur, R. et Zhang, L., 1990. Evaluation of three evapotranspiration models in terms of their applicability for an arid region. Journal of Hydrology, 114(3-4): 395-411.
[105] Lhomme, J.-P., 1997. Towards a rational definition of potential evaporation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 1(2): 257-264.
[106] Liang, X., Wood, E.F., Lettenmaier, D.P., Lohmann, D., Boone, A., Chang, S., Chen, F., Dai, Y., Desborough, C. et Dickinson, R.E., 1998. The Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) phase 2(c) Red-Arkansas River basin experiment:: 2. Spatial and temporal analysis of energy fluxes. Global and Planetary Change, 19(1-4): 137-159.
[107] Linacre, E.T., 1977. A simple formula for estimating evaporation rates in various climate, using temperature data alone. Agricultural Meteorology, 18: 409-424.
[108] Lindroth, A., 1993. Potential Evaporation - a Matter of Definition. Nordic Hydrology, 24(5): 359-364.
[109] Lindsey, S.D. et Farnsworth, R.K., 1997. Sources of solar radiation estimates and their effect on daily potential evaporation for use in streamflow modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 201(1-4): 348-366.
[110] Lohmann, D., Lettenmaier, D.P., Liang, X., Wood, E.F., Boone, A., Chang, S., Chen, F., Dai, Y., Desborough, C. et Dickinson, R.E., 1998. The Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) phase 2(c) Red-Arkansas River basin experiment:: 3. Spatial and temporal analysis of water fluxes. Global and Planetary Change, 19(1-4): 161-179.
[111] Loumagne, C., Chkir, N., Normand, M., Ottlé, C. et Vidal-Madjar, D., 1996. Introduction of soil/vegetation/atmosphere continuum in a conceptual rainfall-runoff model. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 41(6): 889-902.
[112] Lu, J., Sun, G., McNulty, S.G. et Amatya, D.M., 2003. Modeling actual evapotranspiration from forested watersheds across the southeastern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39(4): 887-896.
[113] Makhlouf, Z., 1994. Compléments sur le modèle pluie-débit GR4J et essai d'estimation de ses paramètres. Thèse de Doctorat, Université Paris XI Orsay, 426 pp.
[114] Makhlouf, Z. et Michel, C., 1994. A two-Parameter Monthly Water-Balance Model for French Watersheds. Journal of Hydrology, 162(3-4): 299-318.
[115] Makkink, G.F., 1957. Testing the Penman formula by means of lysimeters. J. Instn Wat. Engrs, 11: 277-288.
[116] Mathevet, T., 2004. Mise au point d'un modèle pluie-débit fonctionnant au pas de temps horaire. Note interne d'avancement de thèse, Cemagref, Antony, 110 pp.
[117] Maury, M.F., 1861. The physical Geography of the Sea and its Meteorology. 8th edn. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 538 pp.
[118] McGuinness, J.L. et Bordne, E.F., 1972. A comparison of lysimeter-derived potential evapotranspiration with computed values. Technical Bulletin 1452, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C., 71 pp.
[119] Mein, R.G. et Brown, B.M., 1978. Sensitivity of optimized parameters in watershed models. Water Resources Research, 14(2): 299-303.
[120] Michel, C., 1983. Que peut-on faire en hydrologie avec un modèle conceptuel à un seul paramètre ? La Houille Blanche(1): 39-44.
[121] Michel, C., 1989. Hydrologie appliquée aux petits bassins versants ruraux. Cemagref, Antony.
[122] Mohan, S., 1991. Intercomparison of Evapotranspiration Estimates. Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques, 36(5): 447-450.
[123] Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporation and the environment, The state and movement of water in living organisms, XIXth symposium. Cambridge University Press, Swansea, pp. 205-234.
[124] Morton, F.I., 1969. Potential evaporation as a manifestation of regional evaporation. Journal of Hydrology, 5(6): 1244-1255.
[125] Morton, F.I., 1983a. Operational estimates of areal evapotranspiration and their significance to the science and practice of hydrology. Journal of Hydrology, 66(1-4): 1-76.
[126] Morton, F.I., 1983b. Operational estimates of lake evaporation. Journal of Hydrology, 66(1-4): 77-100.
[127] Morton, F.I., 1994. Evaporation research - A critical review and its lessons for the environmental sciences. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 24(3): 237-280.
[128] Morvan, X., 2000. Comparaison de deux approches de modélisation hydrologique: l'une globale, l'autre distribuée, en s'appuyant sur les données du bassin du Rhône. Rapport de DEA, Université Pierre et Marie Curie / Cemagref, Paris, 56 pp.
[129] Mouelhi, S., 2003. Vers une chaine cohérente de modèles pluie-débit conceptuels globaux aux pas de temps pluriannuel, annuel, mensuel et journalier. Thèse de Doctorat, ENGREF, Paris, France, 323 pp.
[130] Nalbantis, I., Obled, C. et Rodriguez, J.Y., 1995. Unit Hydrograph and effective precipitation identification. Journal of Hydrology, 168(1-4): 127-157.
[131] Nandakumar, N. et Mein, R.G., 1997. Uncertainty in rainfall-runoff model simulations and the implications for predicting the hydrologic effects of land-use change. Journal of Hydrology, 192: 211-232.
[132] Nascimento, N.O., 1995. Appréciation à l'aide d'un modèle empirique des effets d'action anthropiques sur la relation pluie-débit à l'échelle du bassin versant. Thèse de Doctorat, CERGRENE/ENPC, Paris, 550 pp.
[133] Nash, J.E., 1989. Potential evaporation and the "complementary relationship". Journal of Hydrology, 111: 1-7.
[134] Nash, J.E. et Sutcliffe, J.V., 1970. River flow forecasting through conceptual models. Part I - a discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology, 10: 282-290.
[135] Nathan, R.J. et McMahon, T.A., 1990. Identification of homogeneous regions for the purposes of regionalisation. Journal of Hydrology, 121: 217-238.
[136] NOAA, 1993. Solar and Meteorological Surface Observation Network 1961-1990. EDIS, Federal Building, Asheville, NC.
[137] Noilhan, J., Andre, J.C., Bougeault, P., Goutorbe, J.P. et Lacarrere, P., 1991. Some aspects of the HAPEX-MOBILHY programme: The data base and the modeling strategy. Survey in Geophysics, 12: 31-61.
[138] OMM et UNESCO, 1992. Glossaire International d'Hydrologie.
[139] Ottlé, C. et Vidal-Madjar, D., 1994. Assimilation of soil moisture inferred from infrared remote sensing in a hydrological model over the HAPEX-MOBILHY region. Journal of Hydrology, 158: 241-264.
[140] Oudin, L., 2001. Assimilation de données d'humidité des sols dans un modèle pluie-débit. Mémoire de DEA "Hommes, Espaces, Temps, Ressources, Environnement", Université Paris I / Cemagref (Antony), 72 pp.
[141] Parlange, M.B. et Katul, G.G., 1992. An Advection-Aridity Evaporation Model. Water Resources Research, 28(1): 127-132.
[142] Parmele, L.H., 1972. Errors in output of hydrologic models due to errors in input potential evapotranspiration. Water Resources Research, 3(2): 348-359.
[143] Parmele, L.H. et McGuinness, J.L., 1974. Comparisons of measured and estimated daily potential evapotranspiration in a humid region. Journal of Hydrology, 22: 239-251.
[144] Paturel, J.E., Servat, E. et Vassiliadis, A., 1995. Sensitivity of conceptual rainfall-runoff algorithms to errors in input data - case of the GR2M model. Journal of Hydrology, 168: 111-125.
[145] Penman, H.L., 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proc. R. Soc. London, 193: 120-145.
[146] Penman, H.L., 1956. Evaporation: an introductory survey. Neth. J. Agr. Sci., 1: 9-29.
[147] Pereira, L.S., Perrier, A., Allen, R.G. et Alves, I., 1999. Evapotranspiration: Concepts and future trends. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering-Asce, 125(2): 45-51.
[148] Perrin, C., 2000. Vers une amélioration d'un modèle global pluie-débit au travers d'une approche comparative. Thèse de Doctorat, INP / Cemagref Antony, Grenoble, France, 530 pp.
[149] Perrin, C., Michel, C. et Andréassian, V., 2003. Improvement of a parsimonious model for streamflow simulation. Journal of Hydrology, 279(1-4): 275-289.
[150] Perrin, C., Oudin, L., Andréassian, V., Michel, C. et Mathevet, T., 2004. A data resampling approach for the assessment of parameter uncertainty in continuous watershed models. Submitted to Water Resources Research.
[151] Plantier, M., 2003. Prise en compte de caractéristiques physiques du bassin versant pour la comparaison des approches globale et semi-distribuée en modélisation pluie-débit. Rapport de DEA, Université Louis Pasteur - ENGEES / Cemagref (Antony), Strasbourg.
[152] Priestley, C.H.B. et Taylor, R.J., 1972. On the assessment of surface heat fluxes and evaporation using large-scale parameters. Monthly Weather Review, 100: 81-92.
[153] Qualls, R.J. et Gultekin, H., 1997. Influence of components of the advection-aridity approach on evapotranspiration estimation. Journal of Hydrology, 199(1-2): 3-12.
[154] Quesney, A., 1999. Assimilation de mesures d'humidité de surface dans un modèle hydrologique conceptuel global. Apport de la télédétection radar ERS/SAR. Thèse de Doctorat, Université de Paris 7 / UFR de Physique, 179 pp.
[155] Rana, G. et Katerji, N., 2000. Measurement and estimation of actual evapotranspiration in the field under Mediterranean climate: A review. European Journal of Agronomy, 13(2-3): 125-153.
[156] Refsgaard, J.C. et Abbott, M.B., 1996. The role of distributed hydrological modelling in water resources management - Chapter 1. In: M.B. Abbott et J.C. Refsgaard (Editors), Distributed Hydrological modelling. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp. 1-16.
[157] Saltelli, A., Chan, K. et Scott, E.M., 2000. Sensitivity Analysis. John Wiley, New York, 504 pp.
[158] Schaake, J.C., Duan, Q.-Y., Koren, V.I. et Hall, A., 2001. Towards improved parameter estimation of land surface hydrology models through the Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX). In: A.J. Dolman, A.J. Hall, M.L. Kavvas, T. Oki et J.W. Pomeroy (Editors), Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer Schemes and Large-Scale Hydrological Models. Proc. of the 6th IAHS Scientific Assembly. IAHS Publication n°270, Maastricht, The Netherlands, pp. 91-97.
[159] Schaake, J.C., Duan, Q.-Y., Smith, M. et Koren, V.I., 2000. Criteria to select basins for hydrologic model development and testing, Conference on Hydrology AMS, Long Beach, CA, pp. 4.
[160] Schulz, K. et Beven, K., 2003. Data-supported robust parameterisations in land surface-atmosphere flux predictions: towards a top-down approach. Hydrological Processes, 17(11): 2259-2277.
[161] Sellers, P.J., Randall, D.A., Collatz, G.J., Berry, J.A., Field, C.B., Dazlich, D.A., Zhang, C., Collelo, G.D. et Bounoua, L., 1996. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part I: model formulation. Journal of Climate, 9(4): 676-737.
[162] Shaw, M.E., 1994. Hydrology in practice. Chapman & Hall, London, 569 pp.
[163] Shevenell, L., 1999. Regional potential evapotranspiration in arid climates based on temperature, topography and calculated solar radiation. Hydrological Processes, 13(4): 577-596.
[164] Shuttleworth, W.J., 1991. Evaporation models in hydrology. In: L.S.E.-M.a. parameterization (Editor). Spinger-Verlag, New York, pp. 93-120.
[165] Shuttleworth, W.J., 1993. Evaporation. In: D.R. Maidment (Editor), Handbook of hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New-York.
[166] Singh, V.P. et Xu, C.-Y., 1997. Evaluation and generalization of 13 mass-transfer equations for determining free water evaporation. Hydrological Processes, 11(3): 311-323.
[167] Sivapalan, M., Blöschl, G., Zhang, L. et Vertessy, R., 2003. Downward Approach to Hydrological Prediction. Hydrological Processes, 17(11): 2101-2111.
[168] Smith, M., 1993. CLIMWAT for CROPWAT: A climatic database for irrigation planning and management. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No 49, FAO, Rome, Italy, 113 pp.
[169] Sorooshian, S. et Dracup, J.A., 1980. Stochastic parameter estimation procedures for hydrologic rainfall-runoff models: correlated and heteroscedastic error cases. Water Resources Research, 16(2): 430-442.
[170] Sorooshian, S. et Gupta, V., 1985. The analysis of structural identifiability: theory and applications of conceptual rainfall-runoff models. Water Resources Research, 21(4): 487-495.
[171] Storm, B., Hogh Jensen, K. et Refsgaard, J.C., 1989. Estimation of catchment rainfall uncertainty and its influence on runoff prediction. Nordic Hydrology, 19: 77-88.
[172] Szilagyi, J., 2002. Vegetation indices to aid areal evapotranspiration estimations. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 7(5): 368-372.
[173] Thom, A.S. et Oliver, H.R., 1977. On Penman's equation for estimating regional evaporation. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 103: 345-357.
[174] Thornthwaite, C.W., 1948. An approach towards a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, 38: 55-94.
[175] Thornthwaite, C.W. et Mather, J.R., 1955. The water balance. Publ. Climatol. Lab. Climatol. Drexel. Inst. Techol., 8(1): 1-104.
[176] Troutman, B.M., 1982. An analysis of input errors in precipitation-runoff models using regression with errors in the independent variables. Water Resources Research, 18(4): 947-964.
[177] Turc, L., 1955. Le bilan d'eau des sols. Relations entre les précipitations, l'évaporation et l'écoulement. Ann. Agr., 6: 5-131.
[178] Van Bavel, C.H.M., 1966. Potential evaporation: the combination concept and its experimental verification. Water Resources Research, 2(3): 455-467.
[179] Vazquez, R.F. et Feyen, J., 2003. Effect of potential evapotranspiration estimates on effective parameters and performance of the MIKE SHE-code applied to a medium-size catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 270: 309-327.
[180] Vörösmarty, C.J., Federer, C.A. et Schloss, A.L., 1998. Evaporation functions compared on US watersheds: Possible implications for global-scale water balance and terrestrial ecosystem modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 207(3-4): 147-169.
[181] Wallace, J.S., 1995. Calculating Evaporation - Resistance to Factors. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 73(3-4): 353-366.
[182] Ward, R.C., 1971. Measuring evapotranspiration: a review. Journal of Hydrology, 13: 1-21.
[183] Wilson, D.J., Western, A.W. et Grayson, R.B., 2004. Identifying and quantifying sources of variability in temporal and spatial soil moisture observations. Water Resources Research, 40(2).
[184] Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O. et Sturrock, A.M., 1995. Evaluation of 11 Equations for Determining Evaporation for a Small Lake in the North Central United-States. Water Resources Research, 31(4): 983-993.
[185] WMO, 1996. Guide to hydrological practice. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 735 pp.
[186] Wood, E.F., Lettenmaier, D.P., Liang, X., Lohmann, D., Boone, A., Chang, S., Chen, F., Dai, Y., Dickinson, R.E. et Duan, Q., 1998. The Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) Phase 2(c) Red-Arkansas River basin experiment: 1. Experiment description and summary intercomparisons. Global and Planetary Change, 19(1-4): 115-135.
[187] Wood, E.F., Sivapalan, M., Beven, K. et Band, L., 1988. Effects of spatial variability and scale with implications to hydrologic modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 102: 29-47.
[188] Wright, J.L., 1982. New evapotranspiration crop coefficients. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 108(IR2): 57-74.
[189] Wu, W., Geller, M.A. et Dickinson, R.E., 2002. The response of soil moisture to long-term variability of precipitation. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 3: 604-613.
[190] Xu, C.Y. et Singh, V.P., 2002. Cross comparison of empirical equations for calculating potential evapotranspiration with data from Switzerland. Water Resources Management, 16(3): 197-219.
[191] Xu, C.-Y. et Singh, V.P., 2000. Evaluation and generalization of radiation-based methods for calculating evaporation. Hydrological Processes, 14(2): 339-349.
[192] Xu, C.-Y. et Singh, V.P., 2001. Evaluation and generalization of temperature-based methods for calculating evaporation. Hydrological Processes, 15(2): 305-319.
[193] Xu, Z.X. et Li, J.Y., 2003. A distributed approach for estimating catchment evapotranspiration: Comparison of the combination equation and the complementary relationship approaches. Hydrological Processes, 17(8): 1509-1523.
[194] Zhang, L., Dawes, W.R. et Walker, G.R., 1999. Response of evapotranspiration to vegetation changes. Technical Report, Cooperative Research Center for Catchment Hydrology, Canberra, ACT, 35 pp.
[195] Zhang, L., Dawes, W.R. et Walker, G.R., 2001. Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation changes at catchment scale. Water Resources Research, 37(3): 701-708.
[196] Zhang, L. et Lemeur, R., 1992. Effect of aerodynamic resistance on energy balance and Penman-Monteith estimates of evapotranspiration in greenhouse conditions. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 58: 209-228.
[197] Zhao, B., Tung, T.-K., Yeh, K.-C. et Yang, J.-C., 1997. Storm resampling for uncertainty analysis of a multiple-storm unit hydrograph. Journal of Hydrology, 194(1-4): 366-384.
[198] Zin, I., 2002. Incertitudes et ambiguïtés dans la modélisation hydrologique. Thèse de Doctorat, INPG, Grenoble, France, 200 pp.
[199] Zong-Liang, Y. et Dickinson, R.E., 1996. Description of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) for the Soil Moisture Workshop and evaluation of its performance. Global and Planetary Change, 13(1-4): 117-134.

Table of content

Résumé - Abstract - 7
Introduction générale - 15
Partie I - Evapotranspiration réelle et évapotranspiration potentielle - Contexte de la modélisation pluie-débit - 19
Chapitre 1 L'Evapotranspiration Potentielle (ETP) - Contexte de la modélisation pluie-débit - 23
Chapitre 2 Comment évaluer un modèle d'ETP en modélisation pluie-débit globale ? Contexte d'une démarche empirique - 47
Chapitre 3 Présentation de l'échantillon de données - 61
Conclusion de la partie I - 73
Partie II - Sensibilité des modèles pluie-débit à l'évapotranspiration potentielle - 75
Chapitre 4 Impact du mode de calcul de l'ETP sur les performances des modèles pluie-débit - 79
Chapitre 5 Impact de la variabilité temporelle de l'ETP sur les performances des modèles pluie-débit - 97
Chapitre 6 Impact de la variabilité spatiale de l'ETP sur les performances de modèles pluie-débit - 117
Conclusion de la partie II - 130
Partie III - Recherche des causes de l'apparente insensibilité des modèles à l'évapotranspiration potentielle - 131
Chapitre 7 Adaptation des paramètres du modèle GR4J à des modifications d'ETP - 135
Chapitre 8 Faut-il remettre en cause les formules d'ETP classiques ? - 147
Chapitre 9 Suivi de la sensibilité des modèles pluie-débit au sein de leur structure - 157
Chapitre 10 Filtrage des séries d'ETP et analyse fréquentielle des séries intermédiaires - 175
Conclusion de la partie III - 188
Partie IV - Tentatives d'amélioration de la prise en compte de l'évapotranspiration potentielle au sein des modèles pluie-débit - 189
Chapitre 11 Recherche empirique d'un modèle d'ETP pertinent à partir des formules déjà testées - 193
Chapitre 12 Utilisation de l'hypothèse de Bouchet en modélisation pluie-débit - 211
Chapitre 13 Utilisation d'indicateurs de végétation pour améliorer la prise en compte de l'ETP - 223
Conclusion de la partie IV - 259
Conclusion générale - 261
Références bibliographiques - 265
Annexes - 291

Statistiques de consultation

Repository Staff Only: edit this item