Francou, Cédric (2003) STABILISATION DE LA MATIERE ORGANIQUE AU COURS DU COMPOSTAGE DE DECHETS URBAINS : Influence de la nature des déchets et du procédé de compostage - Recherche d'indicateurs pertinents. PhD thesis Sciences de la vie, UMR Environnement et grandes cultures, INAPG 2003NAP0035.

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Abstract

Composting is a process of biological treatment of organic wastes which reproduces the natural process of organic matter humification in soil. Today in France, only 7 % of the urban wastes are composted, although the organic part represents 50 % of the 47 million tons produced annually. Composts are mainly used in agriculture to increase or to maintain soil organic matter concentration. Their behavior after soil incorporation depends on the stability of their organic matter (OM).
In this work, we studied the evolution of compost OM characteristics during composting, in relation with their origin (nature of the composted wastes and process of composting) and evaluated the potential storage of OM in soil with their use. The relation between the residual biodegradability of compost OM and the potential availability of nitrogen in soil was also studied.
Ten urban composts made from municipal solid wastes, biowastes, green wastes or sewage sludge, coming from industrial composting plants were sampled after three, four and six months of composting. To avoid the influence of composting process, eight composts elaborated in laboratory reactors from variable proportions of green wastes, biowastes, and papers-cardboards, were followed during three months. A range of five classes of compost OM stability was defined on the basis of mineralization kinetics of compost carbon during incubations in a reference soil. Compost OM was characterized by chemical (humic substances) and biochemical (lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and soluble fraction) fractionation and by analysis in infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The degree of compost maturity was defined from the level of compost OM stability and the range of stability previously defined was used as reference for the validation of various indicators of maturity.
During the composting process, all composts evolved towards products with similar characteristics and independent from the composted waste and process that only influenced the rates of stabilization. In most cases, the cellulose fraction rapidly decreased when nitrogen was not limiting. The slower degradation of lignin as compared to total organic matter led to its relative enrichment in compost OM. The IR spectra confirmed the increase of aromaticity during composting.
When greenwastes were dominant in the composted wastes, their initial high lignin concentration explained the fast stabilization of OM during composting and little evolution was observed between three and six months of composting. On the contrary, composts made from municipal solid wastes, initially richer in cellulose materials (papers-cardboards) with a relative lack of nitrogen, were not stabilised after three months of composting, and required at least six months of composting, with turning, to be stabilized. The influence of biowastes on compost OM stabilization was not pointed out, probably because they only represent a weak proportion of the dry mass of the initial mixtures.
From the biochemical fractionation results, an indicator of the proportion of stable OM in compost was calculated (Biological Stability Index, BSI). This stable fraction of compost OM contributes to soil OM upkeep or increase after compost application. For greenwaste composts, BSI little increased during maturation and the simultaneous decrease of total compost OM made lightly decreased their efficiency to soil OM upkeep. The reverse was observed for municipal solid waste composts. Their important stabilization during maturation made increase their BSI. Of this important stabilization resulted a relative increase of their efficiency for soil OM upkeeping between three and six months of composting.
A small potential availability of compost nitrogen was estimated from incubations of soil-compost mixtures. The organic fraction of nitrogen of stabilized compost mineralized slowly. On the contrary, a strong immobilization of soil nitrogen occurred after incorporation of unstable compost, followed by a faster mineralization than observed with stable compost.
Among the tested indicators of maturity, the humification ratio (RH=CHA / CFA) was the more reliable chemical indicator. RH values smaller than 1 indicated a lack of maturity, and RH larger than 1.3 corresponded to stabilized composts with high maturity levels. The self-heating test was the most relevant to be used on composting platforms. These two indicators allowed a correct estimation of compost OM stabilization level, from which recommendations could be made on the optimal period for soil incorporation, taking into account the risks of nitrogen immoblization.

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Table of content

SUMMARY - 2
REMERCIEMENTS - 3
SOMMAIRE - 5
INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE - 7
PARTIE 1: ETUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE - 11
CHAPITRE I: PRÉSENTATION GÉNÉRALE DU COMPOSTAGE - 13
I.1 Qu'est ce que le compostage ? - 13
I.2 Pourquoi composter ? - 16
I.3 Les différents composts - 17
I.4 Conditions réglementaires de l'utilisation des composts en agriculture - 21
Conclusion - 21
CHAPITRE II: EVOLUTION DES PRINCIPALES CARACTÉRISTIQUES PHYSICO-CHIMIQUES DU COMPOST AU COURS DU COMPOSTAGE - 23
II.1 Teneur en eau - 23
II.2 Matière organique, carbone et azote - 24
II.3 pH, CEC et conductivité électrique - 26
Conclusion - 27
CHAPITRE III: CARACTÉRISTIQUES DE LA MATIÈRE ORGANIQUE DES COMPOSTS ET EVOLUTION AU COURS DU COMPOSTAGE - 29
III.1 Composés organiques susceptibles d'être présent dans les composts - 29
III.2 Evolution des caractéristiques de la matière organique des composts au cours du compostage - 34
Conclusion - 44
CHAPITRE IV: MATURITÉ DES COMPOSTS - 45
IV.1 Qu'est ce que la maturité d'un compost ? - 45
IV.2 Critères d'évaluation de la maturité d'un compost - 46
Conclusion - 51
CHAPITRE V: VALEUR AGRONOMIQUE DES COMPOSTS - 53
V.1 Généralités sur le rôle des matières organiques du sol - 53
V.2 Valeur amendante du compost - 57
V.3 Valeur azotée des composts - 60
V.4. Autres effets des composts sur les caractéristiques du sol - 64
Conclusion - 65
CONCLUSION DE L'ETUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE (OBJECTIFS DU PROJET) - 67
Objectifs du projet et Démarche adoptée - 68
PARTIE 2: MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES - 71
I COMPOSTS ETUDIÉS - 73
I.1 Composts en réacteurs de laboratoire - 73
I.2 Composts industriels étudiés - 78
I.3 Correspondance entre les composts de laboratoire et les composts industriels - 81
II CARACTÉRISATION PHYSICO-CHIMIQUE - 85
II.1 Matière sèche - 85
II.2 Extraction et analyse de l'azote minéral sur composts non séchés - 85
II.3 Caractéristiques physico-chimiques classiques sur produits sec - 86
III CARACTÉRISATION DE LA MATIÈRE ORGANIQUE - 89
III.1 Fractionnement Biochimique de la matière organique - 89
III.2 Fractionnement de la matière organique en acides fulviques, acides humiques et humine - 94
III.3 Spectrométrie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier - 96
IV INCUBATIONS EN CONDITIONS CONTRÔLÉES - 97
IV.1 Minéralisation du carbone - 97
IV.2 Evolution de l'azote minéral - 100
V TESTS DE MATURITÉ UTILISABLES SUR PLATE-FORME DE COMPOSTAGE: TEST D'AUTO-ÉCHAUFFEMENT ET TEST SOLVITA - 101
V.1 Préparation des échantillons - 101
V.2 Test d'auto-échauffement (Dewar) - 101
V.3 Test Solvita® - 102
V.4 Robustesse des tests de plate-forme - 102
PARTIE 3: RÉSULTATS - 105
CHAPITRE I: EVOLUTION DES CARACTÉRISTIQUES PHYSICO-CHIMIQUES CLASSIQUES AU COURS DU COMPOSTAGE - 107
I.1 Composts en réacteurs de laboratoire - 107
I.2 Composts industriels - 119
Conclusion du Chapitre I - 128
CHAPITRE II: STABILISATION DE LA MATIÈRE ORGANIQUE AU COURS DU COMPOSTAGE: CINÉTIQUES DE MINÉRALISATION DU CARBONE - 131
II.1 Composts en réacteurs de laboratoire - 131
II.2 Composts industriels - 135
II.3 Réalisation d'une gamme de stabilité - 138
Conclusion du Chapitre II - 141
CHAPITRE III: CARACTÉRISATION DE LA MATIÈRE ORGANIQUE DES COMPOSTS - 143
III.1 Fractionnement biochimique - 143
III.2 Fractionnement humique - 155
III.3 Spectrométrie infrarouge - 161
Conclusion du Chapitre III - 172
CHAPITRE IV: INDICATEURS DE MATURITÉ DES COMPOSTS - 175
IV.1 Minéralisation du COT: la référence - 175
IV.2 Indicateurs physico-chimiques classiques - 176
IV.3 Tests utilisables en plate-forme de compostage - 181
Conclusion du Chapitre IV - 189
CHAPITRE V: VALEUR AGRONOMIQUE DES COMPOSTS - 191
V.1 Valeur amendante - 191
V.2 Valeur azotée - 202
Conclusion du Chapitre V - 214
CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE - 217
RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES - 227
ANNEXES - 243
ANNEXE A COMPLÉMENTS SUR LES COMPOSTS ÉLABORÉS AU LABORATOIRE - 245
A.1 Comparaison des valeurs théoriques et expérimentales des analyses effectuées dans les mélanges initiaux - 245
A.2 Evolution des masses de composts dans les réacteurs au cours du compostage - 246
ANNEXE B COMPLÉMENTS SUR LES COMPOSTS ÉLABORÉS SUR PLATES-FORMES INDUSTRIELLES - 249
B.1 Tamisage des composts - 249
B.2 Principales caractéristiques agronomiques (autres que C et N) - 249
B.3 Concentration en ETM - 253
ANNEXE C TESTS DE SIGNIFICATIVITÉ PLSD FISHER - 255
ANNEXE D COMPLÉMENTS SUR L'IRTF - 261
D.1 Compléments théorique et technique sur l'analyse IRTF - 261
D.2. IRTF sur résidus de calcination et résidus Van Soest de deux composts - 262
D.3 Présentation des spectres obtenus sur les compost totaux - 265
ANNEXE E COMPLÉMENTS SUR L'ISB - 285
E.1 Valeurs de CEW et des fractions obtenues par fractionnement Van Soest sur les composts de laboratoire - 285
E.2 Valeurs d'ISB pour les composts de laboratoire - 288

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