Mian oudanang, Koussou (2008) DYNAMICS OF CHANGE WITHIN LIVESTOCK SUB-SECTOR IN CHAD : a key-study of raw milk commodity chain in N'Djamena. PhD thesis Systèmes d’élevage et filières animales, AgroParistech 2008AGPT0080 p.238.

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Abstract

Human population annually grows at the rate of 6 % in N’Djamena, capital city and main town of

Chad, leading to a dramatic increase in the demand in milk and milk products like in many other African

countries. Contrarily to most of the African capital cities who import milk powder to meet these

requirements, we surprisingly assist in Chad to a higher interest in local dairy products. Is this Chadian

specificity an expression of the adaptation of breeding systems to this new economic demand?

A survey was carried out within N’Djamena and its periphery for a better understanding (i) of the

part of local production in urban supply, and (ii) of the linkages between market requirements and changes

in breeding systems. This survey leant on an analysis of the commodity chain: production,

commercialisation, and consumption of milk and milk products. A total of 372 consumers, 254 traders, 51

transformers, and 161 farmers were investigated. Both local and imported milk products’ consumption is

highly correlated to alimentary habits and family incomes. Furthermore, milk and milk products consumption

dramatically increases outside the houses, due to the enjoyment in a locally produced fermented whole

milk, the rayeb, which is mainly distributed in milk bars within the town. Several different commodity chains

supply N’Djamena in local milk and milk products, like fresh milk, curdled milk, and camel milk, and our

study evidenced their dynamism and the complementarities between them; however, the chain of fresh cow

milk, based on many collecting micro-enterprises, is the more dynamic as it supplies the processing

factories which add value to the local product. All these micro-enterprises based on milk production and

transformation act as a driving force behind changes in every level of the milk value chain in Chad. Another

conclusion of our work is that camel milk value chain development is not competing with cow milk filiere:

camel milk is mainly consumed by populations originating of northern pastoral zones and constitutes a

specific niche in Chad. Our study also focused on the role of both pastoral and agro-pastoral breeding

systems in supplying N’Djamena in local milk, and evidenced that farmers’ practices in peri-urban areas

have been changing into a market-oriented production system.

This survey concluded on a high adaptation potential of Sahelian pastoralism to a changing

environment, contrarily to the cliché of contemplative farming system in this area of the planet. These

changes are highly dependant on both the dynamism of micro-enterprises at the end of the value chain and

the consumption habits. Our results through this filiere approach allow us to propose relevant

recommendations to politics and projects in Chad: to secure milk and milk products supply in African towns,

priority must be concomitantly given to outlet sustainability, services and inputs provision, and land

constraints. To stimulate the changes in milk commodity chain around N’Djamena, research activities

should now better veterinary and alimentary inputs’ accessibility and promote both micro-credit and farmers’

associations

Table of content

Chapitre i. le secteur de l’Élevage au tchad : entre marginalitÉ et intÉgration au marchÉ - 13

chapitre ii : la problÉmatique du dÉveloppement de l’Élevage en afrique subsaharienne - 66

chapitre iii : les concepts et les mÉthodes - 78

chapitre iv : la croissance urbaine et la consommation de lait À n’djamena - 102

chapitre v : le commerce et la transformation de lait À n’djamena - 130

chapitre vi : le bassin d’approvisionnement et la production laitiÈre - 172

chapitre vii : les changements dans la filiÈre laitiÈre et le bassin d’approvisionnement - 191

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