Sousa, David (2008) Study of refrigerant emissions from mobile air-conditioning compressor shaft seals. PhD thesis Energétique, CEP- Centre Energétique et Procédés, ENSMP p.155.

Full text available as: - Sousa_Thesis.pdf ( 8005 Kb )

Licence: Copyright

Abstract

The air-conditioning system is today a worldwide standard equipment in the automotive industry improving not only the thermal comfort but also the safety of passengers. This refrigerant system uses HFC-134a, a hydro-fluorocarbon refrigerant, whose emissions contribute to global warming. Among the mobile air conditioning components, the compressor has been identified as the most leak prone component representing 50 to 60% of the system emissions. The most emissive component of the compressor is the shaft seal that represents up to 50% of the compressor emissions, as demonstrated in this dissertation. The objectives of this thesis are to study the physical principles and to analyze the experimental results of gas emissions in order to contribute to the knowledge of the fundamental mechanisms and the influence parameters of the compressor shaft seal gas emissions. Two original experimental setups have been developed to study the shaft seal gas emissions in standing mode as well as in running mode. The same test benches have also been used to investigate the seal performances during the compressor aging. This new approach has allowed identifying the shaft sealing mechanism at rest and in running mode. Results obtained have been used to demonstrate the relation between the shaft seal emissions and its lubrication regime, as well as the oil transitory effect when the shaft is at rest. This study has also underlined the significant deterioration process of the shaft seal emissions with wear, which explains the high demand of refrigerant for servicing and the increase in the number of system recharges as the vehicle gets old.

References

Chapitre 1:

[ACE07] European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), 2007. European

automobile industry report 07/08.

[AFE06] Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), 2006.

Contribution of Greenhouse Gases to Climate Forcing Relative to CO2.

www.afeas.org/greenhouse_gases.html.

[AGA08] Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE).

http://agage.eas.gatech.edu/data.htm.

[BAR03] Barbusse, S., Gagnepain, L., 2003. La climatisation automobile: impact

énergétique et environnemental. ADEME, ref. 4343.

[CLO05] Clodic, D., Palandre, L., Saba, S., 2005. Inventories of the Woldwide Fleets of

Refrigerant and Air-Conditioning Equipment in Order to Determine Refrigerant

Emissions. ADEME/ARMINES.

[CLO06] Clodic, D, Yu, Y, 2006. Research study on the definition of the implementation

of a method of measurement of annual leak rates (LFRs) of MAC systems.

[CLO07] Clodic, D., Yu, Y., 2007. Elaboration of a correlation factor based on the fleet

tests and Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) system laboratory tests. SAE

technical paper 2007-01-1187.

[CLO96] Clodic, D., 1996. Zero leaks-Limiting emissions of refrigerants. Ashrae. 189 p.

[DIR06] Directive 2006/40/EC. Emissions from air-conditioning systems in motor

vehicles. Official Journal of the European Union, June 14, L161-12.

[ECO08] The Economist, 2008. April 26, pp. 73.

[FRO06] Frost & Sullivan, 2006. U.S. Consumer Buying Behaviors of R-134a

Refrigerant for Light Vehicle Applications. Automotive Refrigeration Products

Institute (ARPI).

[IPC05] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2005. Safeguarding the

Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System: Issues related to

hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons. pp. 295-314.

[JOH04] John, R., Valerie, H., Stephen, A., 2004. Significant Fuel Savings and

Emissions Reductions by Improuving Vehicle Air Conditioning. Proceedings of

the 15th Annual Earth Technology Forum and Mobile Air Conditioning Summit,

Washington, D.C., April 13-15.

[KHO05] Khoury, G., Clodic, D., 2005. Method of Test and Measurements of Fuel

Consumption Due to Air Conditioning Operation on the New Prius II Hybride

Vehicle. SAE technical paper 2005-01-2049.

[MOR98] Moran, M. J., Shapiro, H. N., 1998. Fundamentals of Engineering

Thermodynamics. John Wiley & Sons.

[PAL03] Palandre, L., Zoughaib, A., Clodic, D., Kuijpers, L., 2003. Estimation of the

World-Wide Fleets of Refrigerant and Air-Conditioning Equipment in Order to

Determine Forecasts of Refrigerant Emissions. The Earth Technology Forum, Washington, April.

[WOR02] World Banc, 2002. Production sector presentation. The 19th Ozone Operations

Resources Group (OORG), Washington, D.C., March 28.



Chapitre 2:

[ACE07] European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), 2007. European

automobile industry report 07/08.

[ASM85] American Society for Nondestructive Testing, American Society for Metals,

1982. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition, volume 1. Robert C;

McMaster, 816 P.

[CLO01] Clodic, D, Fayolle, F, 2001. Test-Bench for Measurement of Leak-Flow Rate

of Mac Compressors. SAE technical paper 2001-01-0794.

[CLO05] Clodic, D, Palandre, D, 2005. Measurements of Leak Flow Rates of Mobile

Air-Conditioning Systems. SAE technical paper 2005-01-1507.

[CLO07] Clodic, D, Yu, Y, 2007. Measurements of Leak Flow Rates of Mobile Air

Conditioning (MAC) Components - How to Reach a Generic Approach. SAE

technical paper 2007-01-1186.

[CLO96] Clodic, D., 1996. Zero leaks-Limiting emissions of refrigerants. Ashrae. 189 p.

[HAM04] Hamrock, B, Schmid, S, Jacobson, B, 2004. Fundamental of Fluid Film

Lubrication. Marcel Dekker, 699p.

[HOR96] Horves, L.,1996 Shaft Seals for Dynamic Applications. Marcel Dekker, 485p.

[ISO93] Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. ISO, Geneva,

Switzerland, 1993

[KIS99] Kishibuchi, A, Nosaka, M, Fukanuma, T, 1999. Development of a Continuous

Running, Externally Controlled Variable Displacement Compressor. SAE

technical paper 1999-01-0876.

[KLA86] Klaus, F, 1986. Friction and wear of polymer composites. Elsevier, 465p.

[MIL96] Miller, E, 1996. Introduction to Plastics and Composites. Marcel Dekker,

434p.

[MUL98] Müller, H, Nau, B, 1998. Fluid Sealing Technology. Marcel Dekker, 485p.

[PAR03] Park, Y, Kang, J, Yoo, J, Lee, J, 2003. Vapor Pressure of the 1,1,1,2-

Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) + Polyalkylene Glycol System. International

Journal of Thermophysics, Vol. 25, No.6, November, p1849.

[SAR80] Sarkar, A, 1980. Friction and wear. Academic Press, 423p.

[SKI85] Skinner, T., Swadner, R., 1985. V-5 Automotive Variable Displacement Air

Conditioning Compressor. SAE technical paper 850040.

[SOU07] Sousa, D, Clodic, D, 2007. Measurement of Mobile A/C Compressor Fugitive

Emissions in Running Mode. 6th EDF-LMS Poitiers Workshop, September 27.

[STA05] Stachowiak, G, 2005. Wear – Materials, mechanics and practice. John Wiley

& Sons, 458p.

[TOY07] Annual report, 2007. Toyota Industries Corporation

[YU08] Yu, Y, 2008. Generic Approach of Refrigerant HFC-134a Emission Modes

from Mobile Air Conditioning. ENSMP, 179p.

[WAN98] Wandell, E., Dunn, W., Newell, T., 1998. Conditions that Limit Oil Circulation

in a Mobile Air-Conditioning System. SAE technical paper 980286.



Chapitre 3:



[BHU99] Bhushan, B, 1999. Principles and Applications of Tribology. John Wiley &

Sons. 1020 p.

[BRO99] Brown, R., 1999. Handbook of polymer testing. M. Dekker. pp. 751

[CHA91] Charrier, J, 1991. Polymeric materials and processing. Hanser publications.

663 p.

[CHI91] Chiba, K, Shimomura, T, Hirabayashi, H, 1991. Sealing Phenomena of a Lip-

Type Seal for an Air Conditioning Compressor. SAE technical paper 910532.

[HOS05] Hosokawa, A., Nagaoka, H., Yamada, T, Keneshige, Y, 2005. Rotation Shaft

Seal. US Patent No.:6,857,637.

[HOS06] Hosoi, H, Fukumuro, T, 2006. Sealing Member of a Compressor. US Patent

2006/0162546.

[ILI80] Iliuc, I, 1980. Tribology of Thin Layers. Elsevier Scientific Publishing

Company. 225 p.

[KAW00] Kawagushi, M, Kubo, K, Yokono, T, Miura, S, Okuno, T, Tokunaga, E,

Morishita, A, 2000. Sealing Structure for Compressors. US Patent No.:

6,123,514.

[KRA05] Kraus, R, 2005. Rotating Mechanical Seal. US Patent No.: 6,845,985.

[KUN05] Kunstfelt, T, Haas W, 2005. Shaft surface manufacturing methods for rotary

shaft lip seals. Sealing technology, pp. 5.

[LAB82] Labus, T, 1982. A Comparative Evolution of Mechanical Seals for Automotive

Air Conditioning Compressors. SAE technical paper 820076.

[MUL98] Müller, H, Nau, B, 1998. Fluid sealing technology. Marcel Deker. 485p.

[OBA99] Obata, H, Takeda, K, Hosokawa, A, 1999. Seal for Rotating Shaft. US Patent

No.: 5,860,656.

[OHT86] Ohtaki, M, Yamamoto, Y, 1986. Development of New Lip Type Seals for an

Automotive Air Conditioning Compressor. SAE technical paper 860493.

[OSA05] Osako, M., Yamada, T., Murase, M., 2005. Shaft Sealing Assembly. US

Patent No.:6,886,834.

[OTF03] Otfried, S, 2003. A Mechanical Axial Seal for a Compressor. European

Patent No.: EP1312841.

[PER05] Persson, B, Albohr, O, Tartaglino, U, Volokitin, A, Tosatto, E, 2005. On the

nature of surface roughness with application to the contact mechanics,

sealing, rubber friction and adhesion. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter,

Volume 17, Number 1, 12 January, pp. R1-R62.

[ROT94] Roth, A, 1994. Vacuum sealing techniques. American Institute of Physics. 845

p.

[SHI87] Shimomura, T, Yoshino, A, Matsumoto, S, Hirabayashi, H, 1987. Sealing

Performance of End-Face Type Seals for an Automotive Air Conditioning

Compressor. SAE technical paper 870513.

[SHI90] Shimomura, T, Nishihira, E, Chiba, K, Yoshino, A, Tanoue, H, Hirabayashi, H,

1990. A study of Cracking Phenomena on Carbon-Rings of Mechanical Seals

for an Automotive Air Conditioning Compressor. SAE technical paper 900338.

[SOU08] Sousa, D, Clodic, D, 2008. Sealing Performance of a Mobile AC Compressor

Shaft Seal. International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue, July

14-17.

[YAM03] Yamada, T, Imai, T, Yokomachi, N, 2003. Shaft Seal of a Lip Type With Fluid

Guiding Components having the Same. US Patent No.: 6,592,337.

[CHE93] Cheremisinoff, N, 1993. Elastomer Technology Handbook. CRC Press,

1075p.

[YAM03b] Yamada, T, Imai, T, Ikeda, Y, 2003. Lip Seal. US Patent No.: 6;517,082.

[ZAM98] Zambelli, G, Vincent, L, 1998; Matériaux et Contacts. Presse polytechniques

et universitaires romandes. 334 p.



Chapitre 4

[BOA99] Boast, D, Coveney, V, 1999. Finite Element Analysis of Elastomers.

Professional Engineering Publishing. 283p.

[KIM96] Kim, C, Shim W, 1996. Analysis of contact force and thermal behavior of lip

seals. Tribology International Vol. 30, NO. 2. Pp. 113-119.

[KRI93] Krishnamachari, S, 1993. Applied stress analysis of plastics: A mechanical

engineering approach. Van Nostrand Reihold, 593p.

[LEE05] Lee, C, Lin, C, Jian, R, Wen, C, 2005. Simulation and experimentation on the

contact width and pressure distribution of lip seals. Tribology International,

Elsevier.

[MSC04a] MSC.MARC User’s guide, 2004. MSC. Software Corporation

[MSC05b] MSC.MARC Theory and User Information, 2004. MSC. Software Corporation

[SIL04] Silvestri, M, Prati, E, Tasora, A, 2004. Numerical analysis of sealing

conditions in elastomeric rings. AIMETA International Tribology Conference,

September 14-17, Italy.

[STE89] Steele, J, 1989. Applied finite element modeling. Marcel Dekker, 361p.

[ZIE05] Zienkiewicz, O, Taylor, R, Zhu, J., 2005. The Finite Elements Method: Its

Basis & Fundamentals. Elsevier, 733p.

Statistiques de consultation

Repository Staff Only: edit this item