Fotsa, Jean Claude (2008) Characterization of local chicken populations (Gallus gallus) in Cameroon. PhD thesis Génétique animale et systèmes de productions, INRA / AGROPARISTECH & UNIVERSITE DE DSCHANG , AgroParistech 2008AGPT0094 p.301.

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Abstract

Indigenous chickens from the Western Highlands and Humid Forest zones of Cameroon were subjected to zootechnical, phenotypical and molecular characterization in an attempt to better understand their genetic diversity and potential, and also to develop appropriate improvement and conservation strategies. Results showed that in the rural area, local chickens represent about 69.4% of kept species and are catered mostly by women in 57% of cases. Reasons attributed to chicken production centered on their better adaptation (56%), better product qualities (27%), and cultural values (15%). In the Forest zone, birds from South and East Provinces had comparable live weights for cocks (1,400g) and hens (1,160g), but which were lesser that those obtained by birds from the Center Province (1,665g and 1,259g, respectively). Average annual egg production per hen stood at 54 eggs (South), 51 (Center) and 49 (East), while hatchability rate was above 80%. Phenotypic diversity showed low frequencies (1 to 10%) for those mutations like feathered shank, crested head, naked neck, bear and muffles, frizzle, and dwarf; while these frequencies were much higher for extended black plumage (E locus) and sylver (S locus). Under control environment on-station, normal label cocks (FR) were 48.75%, 49.55%, and 41.98% heavier at 16 weeks of age than those from Center, South, and North-West (NO/OU), respectively. Food conversion ratios between 12 and 16 weeks of age were 3.16 for FR and varied from 3.92 to 4.16 for local ecotypes. FR hens (1,550g) and dwarf FR (1,260g) were heavier than the heaviest Cameroon local hens from NO/OU (889g). Food conversion ratios stood at 4.62 for both FR and dwarf FR, while they were 4.94 (Center), 4.31 (NO/OU), and 4.35 (South). At 16 weeks of age, carcass fat content was little for all genetic groups. Palatability test on cooked portions showed no difference among treatment groups for parameters of tenderness, juiciness and flavour. Mortality on-station was higher for chicks, but below 8% for birds aged 18 to 52 weeks. Adult hens from FR (2,604g) were heavier than their sisters of dwarf FR (2,083g), while those hens from NO/OU (1,481g), Center (1,362g), and South (1,404g) were generally the lightest. Egg mass between 32 and 36 weeks of birds’ age showed advantageous results for dwarf FR (875g) and South ecotype (803g), compared with other ecotypes. Those values obtained from NO/OU (687g) and FR (671g) birds were comparable, while those of birds from Center (722g) were intermediary. All the tested genotypes showed low food intake residual values of -4.7g (South), 17.32g (Center), -50.25g (FR), 11.12g (Dwarf FR), compared to their requirements for maintenance and production. Using 22 microsattelite markers on four (4) local populations and three (3) commercial strains revealed a total of 156 alleles for an average of 7.09 alleles per locus. The number of alleles was greater in the local populations. Further, with these local ecotypes the expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosity varied from 0.617 to 0.634 and from 0.628 to 0.664, respectively. Birds from NO/OU were more homogenous than those from Center and South, which in turn were genetically closer to the commercial lines. A genetic improvement programme using a foundation stock of local chicken ecotypes is proposed, coupled with a short-term crossbreeding protocol involving commercial Label chicken lines.

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Table of content

TABLE DE MATIERES

REMERCIEMENTS 4

DEDICACE 9

TABLE DE MATIERES 10

LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS 21

INTRODUCTION GENERALE 24

PARTIE 1. REVUE DE LA LITTERATURE 28

CHAPITRE 1. GÉNÉTIQUE DE L’ESPÈCE POULE (GALLUS GALLUS) 30

1.1. ORIGINE ET DOMESTICATION 30

1.2. GENES A EFFETS VISIBLES 32

1.2.1. Gènes affectant le squelette 32

1.2.2. Gènes affectant la structure du plumage 34

1.2.3 Gènes affectant la forme de la crête 38

1.2.4. Gènes affectant la couleur des tissus et des appendices 39

1.2.5. Gènes affectant la coloration du plumage 41

1.3. AMÉLIORATION GÉNÉTIQUE 48

1.3.1. Le contexte 48

1.3.2. Généralités sur la sélection 49

1.3.3. Organisation de la sélection. 52

1.3.4. Evolution des méthodes de sélection. 53

1.3.5. Principaux paramètres zootechniques 54

1.4. ANALYSE DU GÉNOME 57

1.4.1. Première carte génétique ou carte classique de la poule 58

1.4.2. Construction de la carte moléculaire à l'aide de marqueurs anonymes. 60

1.4.3. Séquençage du génome de la poule 61

1.4.4. Utilisations de la carte 63

CHAPITRE .2. RESSOURCES GENETIQUES AVICOLES 67

2.1. CONCEPTS 67

2.1.1. Notion générale sur les ressources génétiques 67

2.1.2. Différents types de populations 67

2.2. METHODES D’ETUDES 69

2.2.1. Inventaire 69

2.2.2. Caractérisation 69

2.2.3. Gestion de la variabilité 72

2.2.4. Gestion et conservation des ressources génétiques animales 73

2.3. AVICULTURE FAMILIALE DANS LES PAYS EN DÉVELOPPEMENT 74

2.3.1. Contexte de l’aviculture familiale 74

2.3.2. Systèmes d’élevage des poules locales 75

2.3.3. Particularités du système de divagation 76

2.3.4. Importance épidémiologique 76

2.3.5. Caractérisation de la poule locale 77

2.3.6. Stratégies d’amélioration du système traditionnel de gestion des poules 86

2.3.7. Stratégies d’amélioration génétique des races indigènes de poules 88

2.4. AVICULTURE AU CAMEROUN 90

2.4.1. Aviculture moderne 91

2.4.2. Aviculture familiale 92

CONCLUSION PARTIELLE 94

2.5. THE STATE OF CAMEROON RURAL CHICKENS: PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION 95

Summary 95

2.5.1. Introduction 96

2.5.2. Present Situation 96

2.5.3. Production constraints and perspectives for improvement of the rural chickens 98

2.5.4. Rural chickens and contribution to poverty alleviation 99

2.5.5. Conclusion 100

References 100

2.6. CONSERVATION DES RESSOURCES GENETIQUES AVICOLES LOCALES AU CAMEROUN 103

2.7. CONCLUSION PARTIELLE 103

PARTIE 2: CARACTERISATION DES SYSTEMES D’ELEVAGE ET DES POPULATIONS DE POULES LOCALES A PARTIR DES ENQUETES DE TERRAIN 105

CHAPITRE 1. METHODOLOGIE GENERALE 107

1.1. ZONES AGRO ÉCOLOGIQUES DU CAMEROUN 107

1.2. DISPOSITIONS GÉNÉRALES 110

1.3. ECHANTILLONNAGE ET CONDUITE DE L’ENQUÊTE 111

CHAPITRE 2. EXPLOITATION DE LA POULE LOCALE (GALLUS GALLUS) EN ZONE DE FORET HUMIDE DU CAMEROUN 113

Résumé 113

Abstract 114

2.1. INTRODUCTION 114

2.2. MATERIEL ET METHODES 115

2.2.1. Présentation de la zone d’étude 115

2.2.2. Echantillonnage des élevages 115

2.2.3. Collecte des données 116

2.2.4. Analyse statistique des données 116

2.3. RESULTATS 116

2.3.1. Description de l’éleveur 116

2.3.2. Activités de l’éleveur 117

2.3.3. Système de production de la poule locale 118

2.3.4. Utilisation et commercialisation des produits de l’élevage 120

2.3.5. Principales contraintes 120

2.3.6. Perspectives d’amélioration 121

2.4. DISCUSSION 121

2.4.1 L’éleveur et le contexte socio-économique 121

2.4.2 Les systèmes d’élevage 122

2.4.3. Contraintes 123

2.5. CONCLUSION ET RECOMMANDATIONS 124

Remerciements 125

Bibliographie 125

CHAPITRE 3. CARACTERISATION PHENOTYPIQUE DES POPULATIONS DE POULES LOCALES (GALLUS GALLUS) DE LA ZONE FORESTIERE DENSE HUMIDE A PLUVIOMETRIE BIMODALE DU CAMEROUN. 135

Résumé 135

Summary 136

3.1. INTRODUCTION 136

3.2. MATERIELS ET METHODES 137

3.2.1. Caractéristiques de la zone d’étude 137

3.2.2. Echantillonnage 138

3.2.3. Collecte des données 138

3.2.4. Analyses statistiques des données 138

3.3. RESULTATS 139

3.3.1. Performances zootechniques 139

3.3.2. Description phénotypique 140

3.3.3. Choix des reproducteurs dans les élevages 142

3.4. DISCUSSION 142

3.4.1. Analyse zootechnique comparative 142

3.4.2. Analyse de la variabilité phanéroptique 145

3.5. CONCLUSION ET PERSPECTIVES 147

Remerciements 148

Références 148

CHAPITRE 4. INFLUENCE DE CERTAINES MUTATIONS A EFFETS VISIBLES SUR LES PERFORMANCES PONDERALES ET LES MENSURATIONS CORPORELLES CHEZ LA POULE LOCALE DE LA ZONE FORESTIERE DENSE HUMIDE 163

RESUME 163

ABSTRACTS 164

4.1. INTRODUCTION 164

4.2. MATERIEL ET METHODES 165

4.2.1. Matériel animal 165

4.2.2. Techniques de couplage 166

4.2.3. Modes de conduite d’élevage 166

4.2.4. Analyse statistique 167

4.3. RESULTATS 167

4.4. DISCUSSION 168

4.5. CONCLUSION 169

REMERCIEMENTS 169

REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES 170

CONCLUSIONS SUR LA CARACTERISATION DE LA POULE LOCALE A PARTIR DES ENQUÊTES 174

PARTIE 3: CARACTERISATION DES PERFORMANCES DE POULES LOCALES EN STATION EXPERIMENTALE 175

3.1. INTRODUCTION 177

CHAPITRE 3.1 : MATERIEL ET METHODES 178

3.1.1. PRESENTATION DE LA STATION DE L'IRAD DE MANKON 178

3.1.2. MATERIELS ANIMAUX 179

3.1.2.1. Constitution du troupeau de reproducteurs 179

3.1.2.2. Suivi de la reproduction des parentaux locaux et label 180

1.2.3. Production des poussins expérimentaux 181

3.1.2.4. Elevage des animaux (parentaux et expérimentaux) 182

3.1.2.4.1. Bagage et sexage 182

3.1.2.5. Identification des types génétiques en phase adulte 183

3.1.2.6. Prélèvement sur les reproducteurs locaux. 183

3.1.3. METHODES D’ANALYSE 185

3.1.3.1. Analyse de variance 185

3.1.3.2. Méthode des couples 185

3.1.3.3. Analyse de la mortalité 185

CHAPITRE 3.2. PERFORMANCES EN PHASE JEUNE 186

3.2.1. Caractères mesurés 186

3.2.2.1. Incubation et éclosion 186

3.2.2.2. Mortalité 186

3.2.2.3. Croissance 186

3.2.2.4. Consommation alimentaire et efficacité alimentaire 186

3.2.3. RESULTATS 186

3.2.3.1. Performances d’incubation 186

3.2.3.2. Mortalités 187

3.2.4. DISCUSSION 190

3.2.4.1. Performances d’incubation 190

3.2.4.2. Mortalité 191

3.2.4.3. Performances de croissance et d’efficacité alimentaire des jeunes 191

3.2.4. CONCLUSION PARTIELLE 193

CHAPITRE 3.3. COMPOSITION CORPORELLE ET QUALITE ORGANOLEPTIQUE DES COQS A 16 SEMAINES 194

3.3.1. CARACTERES MESURES 194

3.3.1.1. Composition corporelle 194

3.3.1.2. Qualité gustative de la carcasse 194

3.3.2. RESULTATS ET DISCUSSION 196

3.3.2.1. Composition de la carcasse 196

3.3.2.2. Qualité gustative de la carcasse 200

3.3.3. CONCLUSION PARTIELLE 203

CHAPITRE 3.4. PERFORMANCES EN PHASE ADULTE 204

3.4.1. CARACTERES MESURES 204

3.4.1.1. Mortalité 204

3.4.1.2. Poids corporel et mesures 204

3.4.1.3. Ponte 204

3.4.1.4. Consommation et efficacité alimentaires 205

3.4.1.5. Composition de l’oeuf 205

3.4.2. RESULTATS 207

3.4.2.1. Mortalités 207

3.4.2.2. Poids corporels et mesures 207

3.4.2.3. Performances de ponte 212

3.4.2.4. Consommation alimentaire et efficacité alimentaire de 32 à 36 semaines 216

3.4.2.5. Caractéristiques physiques de l'œuf 216

3.4.3. DISCUSSION 219

3.4.4. CONCLUSION PARTIELLE 224

CHAPITRE 3.5. INFLUENCE DE CERTAINES MUTATIONS SUR LES PERFORMANCES EN STATION 225

3.5.1. CARACTERES MESURES 225

3.5.1.1. Identification des mutations à effets visibles 225

3.5.1.2. Performances pondérales et mesures squelettiques 225

3.5.2. RESULTATS ET DISCUSSION 225

3.5.2.1. Influence de la mutation K*K (vitesse d’emplumement) sur les performances pondérales 225

3.5.2.2. Influence des mutations CR et PTI sur les performances pondérales et mesures anatomiques 228

3.5.3. CONCLUSION PARTIELLE 231

CONCLUSION SUR LA CARACTÉRISATION DES POPULATIONS DE POULES LOCALES EN STATION 232

PARTIE 4. CARACTERISATION MOLECULAIRE DES POULES LOCALES DU CAMEROUN 233

4.1. MATERIEL ET METHODES 235

4.1.1. Matériels animaux et échantillonnage 235

4.1.2. Extraction et purification de l’ADN total à partir des échantillons sanguins 236

4.1.3. Génotypage 236

4.1.4. Analyses des données 237

4.2. RESULTATS 237

4.2.1. Caractéristiques des marqueurs 237

4.2.2. Diversité génétique intra-population 241

4.2.3. Relations entre populations locales et lignées commerciales 242

4.3. DISCUSSION 245

4.3.1 Fiabilité des résultats 245

4.3.2. Diversité génétique des populations de poules camerounaises 246

4.3.3. Structuration génétique des populations locales et lignées commerciales 247

4.4. CONCLUSION PARTIELLE 248

PARTIE 5. DISCUSSION GENERALE ET PERSPECTIVES 250

5.1. ANALYSE CRITIQUE DE LA METHODE CHOISIE POUR L’ETUDE DES POPULATIONS DE POULES LOCALES AU CAMEROUN 252

5.1.1. Méthode d’échantillonnage. 252

5.1.2. Méthode de mise en place du troupeau expérimental et conditions d’élevage en station 252

5.1.3. Importance de la présence d’un témoin label 253

5.2. POULE LOCALE, RESSOURCE GENETIQUE INTERESSANTE POUR L’AVICULTURE AU CAMEROUN ? 254

5.2.1. Variabilité phénotypique 254

5.2.2. Variabilité génétique 256

5.2.3. Originalité de la poule locale par rapport aux lignées commerciales 258

5.3. PROPOSITIONS POUR AMELIORER L’AVICULTURE VILLAGEOISE 259

5.3.1. Contextes de l’amélioration des conditions d’élevage des poules locales 259

5.3.2. Stratégies génétiques d’amélioration des poules locales du Cameroun 261

5.3.3. Conservation des poules locales du Cameroun 266

CONCLUSION GENERALE ET RECOMMANDATIONS 268

REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES 271

ANNEXES 297

RESUME 300

ABSTRACTS 301

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