Cheriot, Sophie (2007) Rôle des produits de la réaction de Maillard dans l'inhibition de l'oxydation enzymatique des phénols et des lipides. Doctorat Sciences de l'aliment, CNAM UMR 1211 Chaire de Biochimie industrielle et agroalimentaire, F 75141 ¨Paris, AgroParistech 2007AGPT0041 p.187.

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Résumé

La recherche de substituts aux antioxydants alimentaires synthétiques (sulfites, BHA : di-tertio-butylhydroxyanisol et BHT : di-tertio-butyl-hydroxytoluène) utilisés contre l’oxydation des phénols et des lipides est actuellement très active en raison des effets allergènes et toxiques de ces additifs.

Il a été montré que les produits de la réaction de Maillard (PRM) formés lors du chauffage de la cystéine et du glucose en milieu acide, sont de très puissants inhibiteurs du brunissement enzymatique des fruits et légumes du à l’oxydation des phénols catalysée par les polyphénoloxydases (PPO) en présence d’oxygène. Afin de pouvoir caractériser les composés inhibiteurs des PRM, ces systèmes modèles ont été simplifiés en un mélange de composés néoformés à partir de la réaction entre le HMF et la cystéine chauffée ou le sulfure d’ammonium. Ce mélange s’est révélé être environ trois fois plus efficace que les PRM pour inactiver la PPO de différentes origines végétales. La réaction de formation des composés inhibiteurs a été étudiée et une comparaison des pouvoirs antioxydants (tests AAPH° et DPPH°) et chélateurs du cuivre (test TMM) a été réalisée. Aux concentrations suffisantes pour prévenir le brunissement de purées de fruits et de légumes mesuré par des tests colorimétriques (L*, a*, b*), les produits néoformés, plus efficaces que les sulfites, n’ont montré aucun effet mutagène d’après les tests d’Ames réalisés sur les souches TA 98 et TA 102.

Les lipoxygénases (LOX) catalysent l’oxydation des acides gras poly-insaturés. La méthodologie des plans d’expériences a permis la détermination des PRM ayant le plus fort pouvoir inhibiteur (PI) de l’activité LOX extraites du soja et de la farine de fève : les PRM issus du chauffage de la lysine et du glucose à 120 °C pendant 15 h montrent une inhibition non-compétitive irréversible de la LOX. De plus, ces PRM sont particulièrement stables au cours du temps de stockage : congelés, le pouvoir inhibiteur de ces PRM ne montre pas d’évolution significative au cours des deux premiers mois de conservation.

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