Gourdine, Jean-Luc Bertrand (2006) Analysis of factors affecting performance of reproductive sows in a tropical humid climate. PhD thesis Génétique animale et adaptation, Sciences Animales, INAPG 2006INAP0011.

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Abstract

Tropical areas are detrimental to pig production, and so economical losses are incurred by farmers.
When ambient temperature is above 22°C, lactating sows are heat stressed. As a consequence, sow voluntary food intake is reduced, with subsequent negative consequences on performance during lactation, and on post-weaning reproductive performance. However, most available studies were performed in temperate countries with conditions difficult to transpose to those encountered in tropical humid climates. The objectives of this work were to determinate and to characterize factors affecting lactating and reproductive performance of sows reared in a tropical humid climate. We particulary paid attention to parity and breed effects and their respective interaction with season.
Two seasons were determined a posteriori from climatic measurements recorded from a meteorological station within 50 m of the experimental unit: a warm season and a hot season. Relative humidity was comparable for both seasons (83%), so that seasonal difference was more attributable to difference in ambient temperature (23.7°C for the warm season and 26.0°C for the hot season). Sow performance were measured during 5 years on two "extreme" breeds, Large White "conventional" breed (LW) and Creole local breed (CR). First, we studied the effect of season and parity on the performance of 106 lactating LW sows (301 lactations). Experiment 2 was conduced to take into account the effect of breed on performance and feeding behaviour of lactating sows (a total of 179
lactations obtained on 30 CR and 41 LW). The effects of season on reproductive performance were studied in experiment 3 (a total of 1,181 mating on 255 LW sows). Finally, factors affecting rectal temperature (RT) of lactating sows were investigated in experiment 4 (a total of 222 lactations obtained on 43 CR and 42 LW).
The performance of lactating sows were lower during the hot season than during the warm season: sow food intake, litter growth rate were markedly reduced and the mobilisation of body reserves was higher during the hot season. RT of lactating sows was higher during the hot season than during the warm season (38.9 vs. 38.6°C) and it was lower in multiparous than in primiparous sows (38.7 vs
38.9 °C). CR sow is characterized by a lower body weight and a greater adiposity (-70 kg and + 20 mm of backfat thickness at farrowing) than LW sow. CR sows had a lower food intake than LW sows (3 - 4
vs. 4.8 kg/d), which is related to a lower rate of food intake (80 vs. 150 g/min). Consequently, CR meal size was reduced (390 vs. 550 g/meal) and was not compensated by an increase in the number of meals (9.0 meals on average in both breeds). During the hot season, the reduction of sow food intake was more pronounced in LW multiparous than in primiparous sows (-1.0 vs. -0.4 kg/d) and in LW than in CR sows (-1.0 vs. -0.5 kg/d). The post-weaning reproductive performance of sows were lower during the hot season than during the warm season, and particularly in primiparous sows. Weaning to oestrus interval and weaning to conception interval increased, and farrowing rate decreased during the hot season. Season had a lower effect on CR reproductive performance. The lower effect of season on
CR performance during lactation suggests a superior thermoregulatory ability of CR as compared with
LW sows. This result was confirmed by the fact that during the hot season, the increase of RT was lower in CR than in LW sows (+0.2 vs. 0.4°C).
In conclusion, our results contributed significantly to characterise the performance of reproductive sows reared in a tropical humid climate. In our experimental conditions, we found a large betweenindividual variability for sow's response to heat stress, with a significant genetic part (preliminary results). It may be of interest to estbalish selection programs integrating integrating adaptative traits to heat tolerance to improve the efficiency of pig production in tropical humid areas.

Table of content

Remerciements - 1
Liste des publications - 5
Tables des matières - 7
Liste des tableaux - 10
Listes des figures - 11
Introduction générale - 13
1. La thermorégulation chez le porc - 17
1.1. La production de chaleur ou la thermogenèse - 17
1.2. Les pertes de chaleur ou la thermolyse - 20
1.2.1. Les pertes de chaleur par voie sensible - 21
1.2.2. Les pertes de chaleur par voie latente - 21
1.3. L'équilibre gain de chaleur / pertes de chaleur - 22
1.3.1. Définition de la zone de thermoneutralité - 22
1.3.2. Régulation thermogenèse / thermolyse - 24
2. Effets de la température ambiante élevée sur les performances de la truie reproductrice - 26
2.1. Effets de la température sur la consommation et le comportement alimentaire de la truie en lactation - 27
2.2 Effets de la température sur la croissance des porcelets - 30
2.3 Effets de la température sur la mobilisation des réserves de la truie en lactation - 32
2.4. Les performances de reproduction de la truie - 33
2.5. L'effet des températures élevées sur l'état sanitaire de la truie - 35
3. Les facteurs de variation des performances de la truie reproductrice - 36
3.1. Facteurs de variation des performances de lactation de la truie - 36
3.1.1. Facteurs liés à la truie - 36
a. Etat corporel de la truie - 36
b. Rang de portée - 37
c. Génotype - 39
3.1.2. Facteurs liés aux conditions d'élevage. - 41
a. Les facteurs climatiques autres que la température ambiante - 41
8b. Les facteurs liés à l'alimentation - 42
c. Les facteurs liés à la conduite d'élevage - 43
3.2. Facteurs de variations des performances de reproduction au chaud - 44
3.2.1. Facteurs liés à la truie - 44
a. Etat corporel et numéro de portée de la truie - 44
b. Génotype - 45
3.2.2. Facteurs liés à l'environnement - 46
a. Les facteurs climatiques - 46
b. Les facteurs liés à la conduite d'élevage - 47
Etudes expérimentales - 49
Dispositif expérimental - 50
1. L'environnement climatique - 50
2. La conduite de l'élevage - 52
2.1. La conduite générale de l'élevage - 52
2.2. La conduite alimentaire - 53
a. Alimentation en gestation - 53
b. Alimentation en lactation - 54
3. Description des mesures réalisées - 55
3.1 Les mesures en gestation - 55
3.2. Les mesures en lactation et en période post sevrage - 55
4. Description de la base de données - 56
1. Etude expérimentale 1 - 58
1.1. Introduction à l'étude expérimentale 1 - 59
1.2. Publication n°1 - 60
1.3. Principaux enseignements de l'étude expérimentale 1 - 71
2. Etude expérimentale 2 - 72
2.1. Introduction à l'étude expérimentale 2 - 73
2.2. Publication n°2 - 74
2.3. Principaux enseignements de la Publication 2 - 85
2.5. Publication n°3 - 86
2.6. Principaux enseignements de la Publication 3 - 99
3. Etude expérimentale 3 - 100
3.1. Introduction à l'étude expérimentale 3 - 101
93.2. Publication n°4 - 102
3.3. Principaux enseignements de l'étude expérimentale 3 - 112
4. Etude expérimentale 4 - 113
4.1. Introduction à l'étude expérimentale 4 - 114
4.2. Publication n°5 - 115
4.3. Publication n°6 - 137
4.3. Principaux enseignements de l'étude expérimentale 4 - 142
Synthèse et Discussion générale - 143
1. Performances la truie Large White en milieu tropical humide - 144
1.1. La consommation et le comportement alimentaire - 144
1.1.1. La consommation d'aliment de la truie en lactation - 144
1.1.2. Le comportement alimentaire de la truie en lactation - 145
1.2. Les performances de lactation et de reproduction - 146
1.2.1. La mobilisation des réserves corporelles - 146
1.2.2. La production laitière et la croissance des porcelets - 147
1.2.3. Les performances de reproduction - 149
2. Facteurs de variation des performances de la truie reproductrice en milieu tropical humide - 150
2.1. Effets du rang de portée de la truie et de son interaction avec la saison - 150
2.1.1. Les performances de lactation - 150
2.1.2. La température interne de la truie en lactation - 151
2.1.3. Les performances de reproduction - 152
2.2. Effets du type génétique et de son interaction avec la saison - 153
2.2.1. La consommation et le comportement alimentaire - 154
2.2.2. Les performances de lactation - 155
2.2.3. Les performances de reproduction - 156
3. Existe-t-il une variabilité inter et intra type génétique de l'adaptation à la chaleur ? - 157
3.1. Entre type génétique - 157
3.2. Intra type génétique - 158
Conclusions et Perspectives - 161
Références bibliographiques - 163
Formations suivies - 179

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