Vocanson, Aurélie (2006) Ex ante assement of varietal innovations in winter pea (Pisum sativum L.): Modelling approach at the plot and farm scales. PhD thesis Environnement et agronomie, INAPG 2006INAPP0002.

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Abstract

In France, areas sown in pea have been significantly decreasing since 1993. This phenomenon is mainly due to the greatly yield variability of spring pea varieties (90% of pea areas), consequences of numerous limiting factors such as compacted soil structure because of high soil water content at sowing and hydric and thermic stress during yield elaboration. New winter pea cultivars - more reactive to photoperiod and with a longer duration of frost resistant - are nowadays under selection to revive the interest of this crop. These new cultivars can be sown since the beginning of October, which should contribute to decrease both the risk of both soil compaction at sowing and, hydric and thermic stress at the end of the growth cycle. A priori, these two characteristics are should favour yield stability. However, the beginning of autumn is a busy period in farms: these new cultivars should thus not be sown in optimal conditions, without expression of the two previous advantages. Moreover, the modification of sowing period, due to the use of these new winter pea cultivars, should have consequences on nitrogen balance and water consumption of the crop. The global aim of this work was to develop a methodology to assess the agronomic and environmental interests of these new winter pea cultivars before marketing, and to determine the characteristic it should combine to guarantee these advantages.
Three stages were conducted. Firstly, four experiments (2 years and 2 sites) were carried out to determine the effects of soil structure, sowing period and cultivar on growth (aerial and root) of a pea crop. Secondly, the results obtained - completed with other data bases - were used to complete and assess a dynamic pea crop model, which predicts yield, grain protein content, part of nitrogen derived from fixation, nitrogen balance and water consumption at the plot scale. Thirdly, this model was used to assess different potential candidate cultivars. In this last stage, the model was coupled with two main models. The first one was a model of work organisation at farm scale to determine the possible sowing periods for pea cultivars, considering the problems of tasks' competition in autumn. The second one was a model simulating soil structure evolution according to the soil water content to determine the risk of soil compaction under pea and the consequences on the yield.
This work increased the knowledge on root system development for different sowing and soil structure conditions. A crop model for spring and winter cultivars and sowing period, which takes into account the variability of nitrogen availability and soil structure, is usable. Finally, the combined used of different models showed that the results of the assessments of potential cultivars were different depending on whether constraints at farm scale were taken into account or not. The whole work proposes to breeders potential cultivars that present agronomic and environmental interests in farm.

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Table of content

INTRODUCTION - 7
PROBEMATIQUE - 12
PARTIE I :
Effets de l'état structural, la période de semis et la variété sur le fonctionnement aérien et racinaire d'une culture de pois271. Effect of sowing date and cultivar on root system development in pea (Pisum sativum L.) - 28
2. Effects of soil structure on pea (Pisum sativum L.) root development according to sowing date and cultivar473. Agronomic performance of different pea cultivars for various sowing periods and contrasting soil structures674. Do various sowing conditions change seed quality and environmental value of pea? - 91
PARTIE II :
Modélisation du fonctionnement d'une culture de pois semée à l'automne et au printemps: intégration de l'effet de l'état structural, de la période de semis et du type variétal1101. Introduction - 111
2. Description des bases de données et des méthodes statistiques utilisées pour mettre au point et évaluer le modèle1122.1. Bases de données - 112
2.2. Méthodes statistiques et évaluation du modèle - 114
3. Description, adaptations et paramétrage du modèle - 116
3.1. Caractéristiques générales et évolutions du modèle initial - 116
3.2. Module plante - 118
3.3. Données d'entrée et de sortie du modèle - 134
4. Evaluation - 136
4.1. Risques de stress thermique et azoté - 136
4.2. Développement - 137
4.3. Dynamique d'accumulation - 139
4.4. Elaboration du rendement et de ses composantes - 142
4.5. Azote et teneur en protéines des graines - 144
4.6. Enracinement - 147
55. Discussion - 148
5.1. Prise en compte de l'effet de la date de semis et de la variété - 148
5.2. Croissance aérienne - 150
5.3. Accumulation d'azote et teneur en protéines des graines - 152
5.4. Simulation de la minéralisation de l'azote du sol et du reliquat après récolte - 154
5.5. Enracinement et prise en compte de l'effet de l'état structural - 157
6. Conclusion et Perspectives - 160
6.1. Domaine de validité - 160
6.2. Evaluation agronomique et environnementale de nouvelles variétés de pois d'hiver - 160
PARTIE III :
Quels idéotypes pour quels usages ? - 161
Chapitre 1 :
Influence du contexte pédo-climatique et de l'itinéraire technique sur l'idéotype de pois - 1621.
Introduction - 163
2. Plan de simulation - 166
2.1. Milieux et date de semis - 166
2.2. Caractéristiques variétales - 168
2.3. Variables étudiées et traitement des données - 170
3. Evaluation de l'utilisation du modèle sur les types de pois commercialisés - 170
3.1. Semis tardif et rendement - 170
3.2. Type de pois et stabilité du rendement - 172
3.3. Irrigation - 174
3.4. Adaptation du type de pois et de l'itinéraire technique à la zone de culture - 175
4. Simulations - 177
4.1. Résultats - 177
4.2. Discussion - 178
Chapitre 2 :
Insertion des nouvelles variétés de pois d'hiver dans l'organisation du travail d'une exploitation agricole1931.
Introduction - 194
2. Matériel et méthodes - 195
2.1. Modèles utilisés pour le couplage - 195
2.2. Présentation générale de la démarche - 201
2.3. Réalisation des simulations - 202
63. Résultats - 206
3.1. Evaluation des modèles OTELO et "bilan hydrique" - 206
3.2. Simulations - 211
4. Discussion - 222
4.1. Effet de l'introduction des nouvelles variétés de pois sur le système de culture - 222
4.2. Atouts et limites de la méthode - 224
4.3. Perspectives - 227
5. Conclusion: retour sur les questions initiales - 227
CONCLUSION GENERALE & PERSPECTIVES - 229
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES - 239
ANNEXES - 249

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