Maggi, Marta (2005) Which indicators for monitoring forests within Alpine Natura 2000 sites? PhD thesis Sciences de l'Environnement, ENGREF.

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Abstract

This research project had as a primary objective the implementation of indicators based on remote sensing data and associated GIS techniques, to report on the conservation status of forests protected within Alpine Natura 2000. Attention was focused on the land cover change indicator and forest dynamics were particularly addressed. The study was then extended to the identification of indicators of forces driving land cover changes. Four study areas where selected from West to East on the Alps, including Natura 2000 sites, belonging to at least two Member States
To implement the land cover change indicator a method based on Landsat data was developed, tested and validated on one study area where a complete dataset was available. The same procedure was then applied to other areas in order to verify its robustness and problems encountered when availability of data is more limited. The proposed methodology is based on a seeded region growing algorithm and it is strictly dependant on a good knowledge of types and location of ongoing vegetation dynamics. However it is useful to identify critical areas to be accurately visited on the ground. As regards driving forces, a methodology based on a binary logistic regression analysis was proposed to verify which variables best explain the increase of woody vegetation observed through remote sensing. Results of the binary logistic regression analysis confirmed that in all the study areas the increase of woody vegetation is driven by socio-economic and environmental variables. Driving forces are strictly related to local conditions and conclusions about a common set of driving forces per similar altitude intervals cannot be generalized.

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Table of content

SCOPE AND OUTLINE OF THE STUDY - 13
Introduction - 13
Study objectives - 16
Outline of the report - 16
CH. 1: STUDY FRAME - 19
1.1 Europe: the need of a stratification procedure - 20
1.1.1 European land classification systems - 22
1.1.2 The hierarchical structure of natural systems - 29
1.2 The Alpine Region and the Alpine biogeographic model - 30
1.3 Forest resources in Europe - 35
1.3.1 European forests: a matter of definition - 35
1.3.2 European mountain forests - 48
1.3.2.1 Expansion of mountain forests: dimensions and drivers of a phenomenon - 42
1.3.2.2 The heterogeneous nature of recolonisation processes - 45
1.4 The protection of nature, forests and mountains in Europe, Italy and France:
a profusion of legislative instruments - 49
1.4.1 Nature conservation policy instruments - 49
1.4.2 Forestry policy and forest protection measures - 54
1.4.3 Sustainable mountain management and mountain forest protection - 57
CH. 2: MONITORING AND REPORTING TOOLS: CURRENT STATUS AND GAPS - 61
2.1 Forest monitoring schemes - 62
2.1.1 National forest inventories - 62
2.1.2 The European perspective: the EU/ICP scheme - 65
2.2 Remote sensing: which advantages and drawbacks as monitoring tool? - 66
2.3 Reporting tools: the controversial issue of indicators - 72
2.3.1 Conceptual frameworks for indicators development - 75
2.3.2 Criteria and Indicators for sustainable forest management - 77
2.4 Focusing on the subject - 81
2.4.1 Which indicators to implement? - 81
2.4.2 Which data sources for detecting land cover changes? - 86
CH. 3: TEST SITES AND DATA SETS - 89
3.1 Foreword on protected areas - 89
3.2 From the West to the East of the Alpine region - 89
3.2.1 Description of the four test sites: geographical, historical and management aspects - 94
3.2.2 Vertical distribution of vegetation within the test sites - 99
3.3 Data availability and preparation - 104
CH. 4: METHODS - 107
4.1 Remote sensing based methods for the land cover change indicator - 109
4.1.1 Change detection spectral/temporal combined approach - 109
4.1.1.1 Geometric and radiometric pre-processing - 109
4.1.1.2 Classification schemes adopted for the change maps - 113
4.1.1.3 Change detection algorithm - 115
4.1.14 Accuracy assessment - 115
4.1.2 Post-classification change detection approach - 117
4.2 A method to analyse the relationship between changes and driving forces: the logistic regression analysis - 119
4.2.1 Methodology - 119
4.2.2 Data preparation - 120
CH. 5: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS - 125
5.1 Are the land cover change maps accurate? - 125
5.1.1 The National Park of Mercantour - 125
5.1.2 The Natural Park of Alpi Marittime - 128
5.1.3 The Val Grande National Park - 133
5.1.4 The Tarvisio Forest area - 139
5.2 The importance of forces driving the increase of woody vegetation - 141
5.2.1 The National Park of Mercantour - 141
5.2.2 The Natural Park of Alpi Marittime - 146
5.2.3 The Tarvisio Forest area - 149
5.3 Summary and conclusions on land cover changes and their driving forces - 153
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES - 157
Summary and conclusions - 157
Future research - 162
RESUME LONG EN FRANCAIS - 165
Introduction générale - 167
Cadre de l'étude - 168
Les outils pour le suivi des forêts - 173
Le choix des indicateurs - 175
Méthodes - 177
Résultats - 180
Conclusions et perspectives - 183
REFERENCES - 185
ANNEXES - 213

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