Bercoff, Jeremy (2004) L'imagerie échographique ultrarapide et son application à l'étude de la viscoelasticité du corps humain. PhD thesis Acoustique Physique, ESPCI.

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Abstract

Augmenter la cadence d'image des échographes est un des enjeux majeurs de l'imagerie ultrasonore. Il y a, en effet, avec l'avènement de l'échographie tridimensionnelle, un réel besoin d'accélérer l'acquisition des signaux ultrasonores tout en gardant une très bonne qualité d'image. Les échographes à haute cadence pourraient également imager des mouvements tissulaires très rapides, aujourd'hui indétectables, et offrir de nouvelles perspectives au diagnostic médical.En se basant sur un échographe complètement programmable développé au laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ce travail de thèse explore les potentialités d'une imagerie ultrarapide et en particulier son application à l'étude des propriétés viscoélastiques des tissus biologiques.Dans une première partie, nous explorons les méthodes pour parvenir à une imagerie ultrarapide (200 à 10000 Hz) et leurs conséquences sur la qualité de l'image échographique. Ces cadences sont ensuite utilisées pour imager la propagation d'ondes de cisaillement impulsionnelles dans les tissus mous. Sensibles aux propriétés viscoélastiques des tissus, ces ondes peuvent être d'un grand intérêt pour la détection et le diagnostic de pathologies telles que le cancer du sein. La génération de ces ondes dans le corps est faite à distance par une source mécanique mobile crée par force de radiation et se déplaçant à une vitesse supersonique. Cette nouvelle technique de diagnostic, baptisée "Supersonic Shear Imaging" a été validé in vitro et in vivo. Elle devrait fournir au médecin une cartographie quantitative des paramètres élastiques et visqueux du corps humain.

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Table of content

I. INTRODUCTION - 9
I.A. Présentation - 9
I.B. L'imagerie échographique ultrarapide - 10
I.C. Structure de la thèse - 14
PREMIERE PARTIE - 19
METHODES POUR L'IMAGERIE ULTRARAPIDE - 19
II. L'IMAGERIE ULTRARAPIDE POUR L'ECHOGRAPHIE: LE MODE "MULTIBEAM" - 23
II.A. Le Mode "Multibeam" - 23
II.B. Le Filtre Inverse comme outil d'optimisation du mode multibeam - 34
II.C. Quelques pistes pour améliorer la qualité d'imagerie du mode multibeam - 48
III. L'IMAGERIE ULTRARAPIDE POUR LA DETECTION DE MOUVEMENTS RAPIDES: LE MODE ONDE PLANE - 57
III.A. Détection de mouvement en imagerie échographique ultrarapide - 58
III.B. Influence du mode Onde Plane sur la détection de mouvement - 63
III.C. Le mode Onde Plane avec Compound Ultrasonore - 69
III.D. Conclusion - 74
DEUXIEME PARTIE - 75
APPLICATION DE L'IMAGERIE ULTRARAPIDE A L'ETUDE DE L'ELASTICITE DES TISSUS MOUS - 75
IV. INTRODUCTION A L'ELASTOGRAPHIE - 79
IV.A. Les limites de l'échographie au travers d'un l'exemple: le cancer du sein - 79
IV.B. L'Elastographie: principes - 84
IV.C. Les différentes techniques d'Elastographie - 88
IV.D. Conclusion - 96
V. L'ELASTOGRAPHIE IMPULSIONNELLE: PRINCIPES ET VALIDATION IN VIVO - 101
V.A. L'Elastographie Impulsionnelle - 101
V.B. Validation In Vivo - 109
VI. SUPERSONIC SHEAR IMAGING (SSI) - 123
VI.A. La force de radiation ultrasonore dans les tissus biologiques - 124
VI.B. Imagerie ultrarapide d'ondes de cisaillement générées par la force de radiation ultrasonore - 136
VI.C. Une solution élégante: Le Mode Supersonique - 142
VI.D. Variations sur le Mode Supersonique - 149
VII. VALIDATION EXPERIMENTALE ET APPLICATIONS DE SSI: ETUDES IN VITRO ET IN VIVO - 157
VII.A. Validation de SSI en milieu hétérogène: Etudes In vitro - 157
VII.B. Applications In Vivo - 162
VII.C. Couplage avec l'hyperthermie - 168
TROISIEME PARTIE - 177
ETUDE DE LA VISCOSITE - 177
VIII. INTRODUCTION A LA VISCOELASTICITE - 181
VIII.A. Généralités - 181
VIII.B. Viscoélasticité - 181
VIII.C. Etude rhéologique des tissus biologiques par Elastographie transitoire - 187
VIII.D. Variation et mesure de la viscosité - 191
IX. L'INFLUENCE DE LA VISCOSITE SUR LES ONDES DE CISAILLEMENT: ETUDE THEORIQUE ET EXPERIMENTALE - 195
IX.A. Dérivation de la fonction de Green viscoélastique - 195
IX.B. Simulation de Green en milieu viscoélastique: Validation théorique et expérimentale - 201
IX.C. Discussion - 210
X. IMAGERIE DE LA VISCOELACTICITE DES TISSUS MOUS: ETUDE THEORIQUE ET EXPERIMENTALE - 219
X.A. Problème inverse viscoélastique - 219
X.B. Application à l'imagerie des propriétés viscoélastiques - 227
QUATRIEME PARTIE - 237
VERS L'ELASTOGRAPHIE 3D - 237
XI. MESURE VECTORIELLE DE MOUVEMENT PAR INTERFEROMETRIE ULTRASONORE - 241
XI.A. Problématique - 241
XI.B. Théorie - 242
XI.C. Mise en œuvre expérimentale - 250
XI.D. Optimisation de la mesure - 254
XI.E. Résultats en temps réel - 258
XI.F. Conclusion - 260
XII. ELASTOGRAPHIE 3D - 265
XII.A. L'Elastographie par IRM - 265
XII.B. Adaptation de l'expérience à l'imagerie échographique - 269
XII.C. Résultats et Discussion - 272
XIII. CONCLUSION - 279
XIII.A. L'imagerie ultrarapide - 279
XIII.B. Supersonic Shear Imaging - 280
XIII.C. Perspectives - 282

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